Wits Business School (ETDs)

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The Impact of Firm and Consumer Attributes on Retail Pharmacy Strategy
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Bittah, Gorgozcynski; Mondi, Lumkile
Retail pharmacy have undergone substantial transformation over the past two decades. This is mostly brought on by internal and external stressors exacerbating competition within the retail pharmacy environment. With the rapid establishment and expansion of discount pharmacies, stricter legislations, complex consumer and market dynamics, community pharmacies are battling to survive in the pharmacy space they once dominated. The objectives of the study were to determine how retail pharmacy and consumers interact to establish and maintain a competitive advantage and how attributes of the marketing mix influence consumer behaviour in a retail pharmacy space. For a greater understanding of the relationships between the various variables and how they interact and influence pharmacy strategy, structured survey questionnaires were used to collect data on the attributes of retail pharmacies and consumers. Data from 344 respondents were evaluated for reliability and normalcy using IBM's Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 28), before being subjected to the appropriate inferential statistical analyses. The study results indicate that males and females react differently to the marketing mix, suggesting a preference for various strategies used by retail pharmacies to attract and retain consumers. The results further indicate that respondents with medical healthcare are more responsive to a particular marketing mix than respondents without, implying that retail pharmacies are incorporating these parameters in the development of their strategies. Lastly, the data confirms the association between certain marketing mix and retail pharmacy types. The research further indicates a strong correlation between the attributes of the marketing mix, however, the extent of this association varies between the attributes. The strongest correlation was identified between price and product, implying that pharmacy strategy prioritizes both factors. Additional findings points to a relationship between pharmacy and consumer attributes, the most evident of which being age and medical healthcare status. Price, promotion, and process are recognized as the key components of the marketing mix that pharmacies need to establish and retain a competitive advantage.
Diversity Management in the Ghanaian Health Sector: A Case Study of the NHIA
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Inweregbu, Cynthia Ngozi; Maier, Christoph
Diversity management has become a critical tool in ensuring efficiency and productivity in organisations and societies. Research has recognized several conceptualisations of diversity and provided direction for effective and better ways of implementing diversity management at an organisational and national level. However, it has been contended that emphasis on conceptualising diversity management has mainly been within the context of the western perspective. Diversity management is an emerging aspect of management, which embodies on disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and human resource. The concept of diversity management has assumed global dimension and a context specific approach is required to make it effective. In this regard, it has been established by scholars to be a potent management tool in the globalised world. This call for an approach which suits the African and for that matter the Ghanaian context. To this effect, this research explores the concept, policies, and challenges of diversity management from Ghanaian perspective to assist in fashioning out a context specific strategy to diversity management. A qualitative methodology (case study approach) was employed to answer the research questions and realise the objectives. In line with the tenets of the chosen methodology, which requires data absoluteness, the interviewees and focus group members were selected through purposively sampling. There were thirty-four in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions conducted at the NHIA head office and regional office. Coding and thematic analysis were employed to identify the conceptualisation of diversity, policies in place for diversity management and challenges encountered in relation to diversity management at the NHIA. The results suggests that diversity can be described as differences in ethnic background, political affiliation, gender, religious belief, languages, and age. Further, the result points to the fact that an individual cannot be only identified by one characteristic but several of them. ii Additionally, this study identified couple of areas that needs attention to ensure an effective diversity management at the NHIA. The work environment in NHIA is very diverse and drives the complexity therein. The socio-cultural, religious, and political differences are very entrenched and require an effective diversity framework that ensures the presence of critical elements such as appreciation of uniqueness and the sense of belonging. Subsequently, a model was developed from the findings of the study to highlight the critical elements driving the dynamics of diversity management in NHIA. Additionally, the identified elements serve as tools which can be employed to allay the challenges encountered in ensuring effective management of diversity in NHIA and similar environments. Future studies may be conducted to validate the framework developed in this study and establish generalisabilty in the health industry and in other public organisations. A comparative case study research focusing on a private and public sector could also enrich the framework
The effects of COVID 19 on consumer mobile and online purchase behaviour
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Chanetsa, Edphan Peter; Saini, Yvonne K.
There obtains an acute paucity of research on the how Covid-19 impacted consumer online and mobile application purchase behaviour in South Africa. Much of the work done on the impact of the pandemic on consumer behaviour has primarily focused on one aspect: online purchase behaviour. This study sought to assess the effects of the restrictions of the novel Covid-19 virus on consumer mobile and online purchase behaviour. The main objective was to understand the impact of Covid-19 related restrictions on mobile application purchase intention in grocery shopping. Similarly, the study also sought to understand the impact of Covid-19 related restrictions on online (desktop/laptop) purchase intention in grocery shopping. An online survey was conducted wherein 345 responses were obtained. The study employed a mixed methodology approach with the primary analysis being done quantitatively employing path analysis to establish the existence of causal links between Covid-19 restrictions and consumer behaviour in terms of both direction and magnitude. Regression analysis was further carried out to corroborate the findings of the path analysis. The qualitative aspect of the analysis was primarily employed to buttress the results of the quantitative analysis. The results showed that Covid-19 had a significant and positive impact on mobile and online consumer behaviour in South Africa. The advent of the pandemic caused an increase in the uptake of alternative means of making grocery purchases. Specifically, the institution of Covid-19 restrictions produced a substitution effect wherein digital purchase platforms were preferred to in-store purchases of groceries. Consequently, all the hypotheses developed by the study proved to be robust as they were confirmed by the results
Challenges of Entering New Pharmaceutical Markets in Nigeria and Ghana
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Motshoane, Thato Sebabatso
Background: The pharmaceutical market is renowned for its stringent regulations and continuous production of superior drugs and products intended for human consumption. This study investigates the regulatory landscape of two African countries, namely Nigeria and Ghana, and the challenges of entering these economies as a result of the absence of regulatory harmonisation. The goal is to establish a regulatory framework that will facilitate the introduction of novel medicines and medical supplies into the market. Method: The research methodology employed involved the collection, processing, and evaluation of empirical evidence. The chosen strategy was qualitative research. Results: Entering new or foreign pharmaceutical market requires careful consideration, planning, and abiding by the regulatory requirements of the respective countries. Sustained prosperity will be guaranteed by enhancements in quality control and partnerships with local distributors and manufacturers. Partnering with local consultants who are familiar with the regulatory landscape, as well as local laws and policies is crucial. Lastly, it is important to be familiar with regulatory requirements from NAFDAC and the FDA to ensure ongoing compliance with evolving regulations. Conclusion: Improving the local pharmaceutical market in both countries encourages the entry of foreign international pharmaceutical corporations, thus stimulating the economy of both nations. Local pharmaceutical companies in Ghana and Nigeria can strengthen their competitive edge by increasing barriers to entry. This can be achieved by raising the calibre of goods produced, increasing operational effectiveness, lowering production costs, and engaging in local innovation initiatives. Locals should maximize local government subsidies while utilizing the local context, including the nation's culture and consumer base to their advantage
The impact of pregnancy on women in the ferrochrome industry in South Africa
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Moropa, Thabiso Sekia; Appiah, Erasmus Kofi
This thesis presents a comprehensive exploration of the ramifications of pregnancy on women employed within South Africa's ferrochrome industry. Drawing on a meticulous review of literature, including studies by notable researchers such as Dr. Nobuhle, Solomons, Dikgwatlhe and Mulenga, the research delves into the multifaceted challenges faced by women in this sector. The study illuminates the nuanced impact of pregnancy on the career trajectories of women within the ferrochrome industry. Synthesising literature insights with participants' perspectives, the research underscores recurring barriers such as limited access, safety concerns, and entrenched gender-based discrimination, both in academic discourse and on the ground. Employing a qualitative approach, the thesis critically evaluates company policies governing pregnancy and their alignment with fundamental employment conditions. Through one-on-one interviews and data analysis, the research unearths discrepancies between articulated policies and their actual implementation, highlighting persistent gaps that adversely affect the well- being of pregnant employees within ferrochrome mining companies. Furthermore, the study explores workplace safety, accommodation, and the financial implications entailed by pregnancy in the ferrochrome industry. By correlating literature insights with participant narratives, the research emphasises the challenges faced by pregnant women and advocates for strategic improvements to create a safer and more supportive work environment. Findings: The qualitative methodology reveals that pregnant woman in the ferrochrome industry encounter challenges in career advancement, face role constraints, and struggle with work-life balance. Participants emphasise the need for improved policies and support from both companies and colleagues. Issues such as physical strain in hazardous areas, emotional stress, and financial impact of extended maternity leave are prevalent. Suggestions range from flexible work arrangements to awareness programs, advocating for better policies and empathetic workplaces. Ultimately, the participants urge for a culture shift, ensuring fair treatment and empowerment for pregnant women in the mining industry. In conclusion, this thesis propels discussions on the strategic imperative of nurturing a social license within South Africa's ferrochrome industry. It examines how companies can empower women through policy reforms, fostering an environment conducive to gender equality, inclusivity, and community engagement. The findings contribute to a robust understanding of the impact of pregnancy on various facets of the ferrochrome mining industry, offering meaningful conclusions and recommendations for a more equitable landscape within the sector
Assessment of the Implementation of a Cloud-Based Software Solution for Drug Registration at a Pharmaceutical Company
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Moodley, Kogilam Angeline; Schaling,Eric
This comprehensive research delved into the impact of implementing a cloud- based Regulatory Information Management software solution on the efficiency of drug registration processes within a pharmaceutical company. The study was guided by the hypothesis that the adoption of such a cloud-based solution significantly enhances efficiency by reducing time costs, boosting productivity, and fostering collaboration among cross-functional departments. Employing a mixed-methods parallel design approach, the research gathered quantitative data by means a survey administered to employees of a pharmaceutical company who are involved in drug registration processes utilizing the implemented software solution, and qualitative data through interviews with key stakeholders in managerial positions directly engaged in drug registration processes at the company. There were 52 respondents to the survey and 10 interviews were conducted providing an adequate representation of the population involved in drug registration processes at the company. Data analysis, comprising descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and cross- case comparisons, uncovered patterns, challenges, and benefits. The analysis reveals that the implementation of cloud-based software for drug registration processes would lead to operational efficiencies and positively influences the various functions involved in producing a drug registration dossier and enhances the drug registration processes despite the variations in satisfaction levels and challenges in user adaptation. The findings contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of cloud-based software solutions in improving drug registration efficiency, offering evidence- based recommendations for pharmaceutical companies aiming to optimize their processes through cloud-based technologies. Key recommendations include the need for continuous training and support programs and customization to meet evolving business requirements
Employees’ Perceptions of Procedural Fairness of Employment Equity in a Multinational Pharmaceutical Company in South Africa
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Maitisa, Norah; Appiah, Erasmus
Introduction: All employment procedures need to be fair and free of discrimination for all employees. Perceptions of fairness of EE is associated with high staff morale, high performance, and overall satisfaction with the company. When employees have negative perceptions of fairness of EE procedures, this may be disruptive for the organisation and impact on employees’ job satisfaction, morale, and create a racial division among employees. This can only be harmful to organisations trying to achieve an equitable environment for all. Understanding of such perceptions by organisations allow for implementation of programmes that will allow dialogue and corrective actions and implementing appropriate programmes. Perceptions on EE fairness needs to be heard from both designated groups and previously advantaged groups. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the state of employees’ perceptions of EE procedural fairness, and to determine the impact of employees’ perception of EE procedural fairness of management & leadership practices (HR practices, performance appraisal and conflict management) on employees’ general satisfaction with the workplace. Methodology & Results: A survey questionnaire was used to collect data from employees in one company. Of the 104 electronic surveys shared with employees, 63 respondents returned the questionnaire and only data for 62 employees analysed. The study showed overall positive employees’ perceptions of EE procedural fairness. The study showed that positive perceptions of HR practices and conflict management increased overall satisfaction of employees with the workplace. Race, gender, and age had no influence on employees’ fairness perceptions in this study. Conclusion: When companies apply fair and consistent processes in HR, including conflict management, general employees’ satisfaction with the workplace increases. Positiveperceptions of procedural fairness will have a positive impact on companies, as employees are satisfied. Companies need ensure that all EE procedures are free from discrimination and are applied in a consistent manner across the organisation.
The feasibility of telemedicine based consultation in the primary healthcare sector in Johannesburg
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Mistry, Karishma Jivan; Wotela, Kambidima; Zhuwao, Patrick
Healthcare system in South Africa is overburdened and telemedicine is considered a useful tool to make quality healthcare more accessible. In South Africa, regulations imposed by Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA) and restricted access to technological, educational, economic and sociocultural factors has limited the ease of accessing and using telemedicine. In order for telemedicine to gain prominence, it needs to be integrated into everyday practice and be seen as an alternative to face-to-face consultation. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate a combination of factors, in the context of Covid-19 pandemic, namely telemedicine as an engaging platform, seeking written or verbal informed consent for clinical procedures and using information and communication technology (ICT) and availability and knowledge of electronic resources to conduct virtual consultation. In addition, the method used to store patient information was examined to understand the prominence it has in the context of telemedicine. A quantitative, cross-sectional research strategy was used to collect data from 80 family physicians practicing in either private, state or both sectors. This study reported that a large number of participants have used some form of telemedicine, although only one third use it daily. On average the study population reported to agree that telemedicine is an engaging platform, but half the respondents found that the explanation concerning the disease or treatment is not better. Verbal consent is used more than written consent for activities relating to clinical examination or when using ICT. While, majority of the respondents indicated that they do have an electronic device to implement telemedicine consultation, only half the respondents had access to quality broadband network. The study also reported that about two-thirds of the respondents reported to stored patient information manually. Overall, more attention is required to make the functionality of telemedicine more noticeable. Telemedicine may not be valued so much when there is good health infrastructure, however, when health infrastructure is poor, telemedicine is unable to stand on its own. Hence, associated economic, education and socio cultural factors needs to be evaluated further so that behavioural barriers are reduced and telemedicine is used more frequently
The Patients’ Rights Charter and patient centered care in a South African hospital
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Nku, Ipeleng Patience; Ngubane, Samkelo; Wotela, Kambidima
South Africa’s historical context has resulted in significant disparities and challenges in its healthcare sector. The national Patients’ Rights Charter was developed to counter these challenges by empowering patients and protecting their rights. Nevertheless, majority of patients attending hospitals remain unaware of their rights, and as a result face many frustrations associated with the quality of healthcare they receive. This research seeks to assess patients’ perceptions on the Patients’ Rights Charter and the influence that it has on the concept of patient centered care in a public South African hospital. Making use of three components of the Patients’ Rights Charter, namely confidentiality, informed consent and patient participation in decision making, the extent to which the rights are perceived by patients will be explored. The goal of this study is to assist hospitals in and around South Africa to improve patient centered care through use of the Patients’ Rights Charter. The study employed a quantitative research approach making use of fully structured questionnaires. With 200 participants observed from the medical and surgical out patients departments of the Tembisa Provincial Tertiary hospital, results revealed that 86% were aware that they have rights as patients, while only 31% were aware of existence of the Patients’ Rights Charter. Overall the research found that patient perceptions of the Patients’ Rights Charter were favourable. Correlation analysis revealed that all three constituents had a positive relationship with patient centered care, while multiple linear regression analysis found that only patient participation and informed consent directly influenced patient centered care. Thus laying focus on improving implementation of the Patients’ Rights Charter can aid hospital management in enhancing patient centered care. Such improvement in implementation would best be achieved through collaborative efforts of different systems and areas of the hospital
Combining complexity leadership with operational systems and structures for adaptability in South African private hospitals
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Nel, Karen
The global healthcare landscape is complex. The South African Government and various other researchers have highlighted the unequal nature of the healthcare system in South Africa. The system is unsustainable and urgently needs substantial transformation in its current form. As set out by the South African Government, introducing universal healthcare coverage for the whole population is a solution. This will, however, significantly impact and change all role- players relatively quickly, especially for private hospitals. The purpose of this study was to critically examine whether private hospitals in South Africa were positioned for adaptability, considering complexity leadership (with concepts: entrepreneurial leadership, operational leadership and enabling leadership) and operational systems and structures (with concepts: agile, lean and leagile), as an approach to deal with the potential changes. A mixed methods study with an explanatory sequential design was utilised where the quantitative results and sample informed the population and questions of the qualitative study. Additionally, the quantitative results' drivers were identified in the qualitative study, namely causal factors, leadership and operational consequences, and aggravating factors. This study confirmed that the leadership displayed in private hospitals and the operational systems and structures implemented in private hospitals were not aligned with complexity leadership and operational systems and structures as defined in the conceptual model of this study. A unique finding was that operational systems and structures in private hospitals had a significantly higher impact on the hospitals' daily management than the leadership displayed in these hospitals. This was especially evident between managers and non-managers and between clinical and non-clinical employees, with non-clinical employees viewing the impact of the operational systems and structures implemented in hospitals as significantly more impactful than the leadership displayed in these hospitals. Furthermore, it was identified that operational leadership and lean systems and structures were the preferred approaches in private hospitals and negatively impacted the display of entrepreneurial leadership and agile systems and structures in these hospitals. Moreover, it was found that exploitative leadership, which is the leadership approach when dealing with old certainties, labelled as operational leadership in the current complexity leadership framework, should be relabelled a administrative-operational leadership in South African private hospitals, as a result of the hierarchical, autocratic culture. Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the leadership displayed and the operational systems and structures that were implemented in these hospitals, it was identified that employees can either experience disruption in a positive light through an adaptive response supported flexibility, or be traumatised by it when management implemented an order response with increased controls. It was conclusively confirmed that private hospitals in South Africa do not regularly display complexity leadership nor implement operational systems and structures as defined in this study's conceptual model. Four recommendations were made that can assist the private hospital industry in becoming more adaptable. The first recommendation is for the industry to implement CL and OSS as defined by the study's conceptual model. This implementation will naturally develop into an adaptive space. The second recommendation is to overcome the disconnect between industry players, head offices and hospitals, and to increase collaboration. Although the adaptive space will impact this recommendation positively, it has to be driven and supported by senior leadership. The third recommendation is to develop a formal industry framework for adaptability in private hospitals. The fourth recommendation is for the implementation of integrated and applied development programmes for leaders and staff at all levels. The programmes will assist everyone to better understand the relationship between CL, OSS, business acumen, and business success

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