School of Social Sciences (ETDs)
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Item The Impact of a Psychological Capital Micro-Intervention on Academic Burnout amongst First-year University Students(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-10-23) Bonga, Bulelani; Siemers, IanPurpose – the aim of this study is to probe into whether psychological capital micro interventions impact upon burnout amongst first-year university students, in the psychology department, at the University of the Witwatersrand. Research Design and Methodology - This study used a quasi-experimental design, because it did not include random assignment, but did include a comparison group, and manipulation of the DV variables. The research was quantitative in nature, with a sample size of 319 first year students from Wits University.. Findings – There was an insignificant interaction effect between group and time on all the variables. Thus, the intervention was not successful. However, Psychological capital was significantly and negatively related to burnout, and it’s components. Research limitations/implications – The sampling approach may limit the generalizability of the study’s findings as the data was collected from just one South African university, where the primary focus was first-year students. Another limitation includes the 1% given to those who participated in the intervention. Although this is departmental policy, an allocation of this nature can be interpreted as an attempt to persuade or provide an incentive, which may have affected the way the students responded. The current study has highlighted the value and importance of administering psychological capital interventions, not only in universities, but South Africa at large.Item Occupational Stress and Burnout among Clinical Officers at Public Hospitals in Malawi: Impact Shifting to the General Public(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-08) Chinguwo, Paliani; Kenny, Bridget; Matshiditsho, Rajohane; Scully, BenIn Malawi, there is a cadre of mid-level health workers called clinical officers who undertake duties conventionally designated for medical doctors in the wake of an acute shortage of the latter. The use of clinical officers as substitutes for medical doctors is one example of a strategy called task shifting that is implemented as a temporary remedy for the shortage of human resources in healthcare. This is a study on the experiences of clinical officers with occupational stress and burnout at public hospitals in Malawi. The study adopted a qualitative research design with a case study as a research strategy. The study was conducted at four district hospitals and one central hospital, all of which are state-owned. One shortcoming of the framing of occupational safety and health in Malawi is the narrow scope and coverage of the regulation on occupational safety and health. This narrow scope of the regulation of occupational safety and health is limited to physical, chemical, and biological hazards. The psychosocial hazards are therefore neglected by the regulation on occupational safety and health. Another shortcoming of the framing of occupational safety and health in Malawi is that the coverage of the regulation on occupational safety and health exempts service sectors like healthcare. This exemption, therefore, gives the impression that healthcare in Malawi is immune to occupational safety and health hazards. This study challenges the narrow scope and coverage of the regulation on occupational safety and health in Malawi that neglects psychosocial hazards and exempts healthcare. The overall aim of the study was to expose the impacts on public health that can be associated with the neglect of psychosocial hazards and the exclusion of healthcare from the regulation of occupational safety and health. This study demonstrates that there are psychosocial hazards at public hospitals that predispose clinical officers to occupational stress and burnout. These are excessive workload, long hours of work, poor interprofessional relations, restructuring, COVID-19 responses, and the absence of occupational and safety management systems. The study further illustrates that psychosocial hazards at public hospitals are a breeding ground for various health problems among clinical officers that emanate from occupational stress and burnout. These health problems include emotional and cognitive effects; injuries; high blood pressure (hypertension); muscle tension or pain; and severe headaches. These health problems negatively affect the quality of life among clinical officers and their performance on the job. The study, therefore, concludes that occupational stress and burnout among clinical officers ultimately affect health outcomes in the broader population. For instance, the study demonstrates how the consequences of OS and burnout among clinical officers are consequently externalised to patients and the general public through the poor quality of healthcare services. In this study, the externalisation of the negative effects of occupational stress and burnout on clinical officers to the patients and the general public, is referred to as impact shifting. This study conceptualises and proposes a theoretical framework for analysing occupational safety and health in Malawi, with a particular focus on psychosocial hazards at public hospitals. The theoretical framework comprises three theoretical perspectives, namely: attribution theory, job demands-resources model, and fundamental cause theory. This study, therefore, offers a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence drawn from the experiences of clinical officers with occupational stress and burnout. The theoretical foundation and empirical evidence can inform the reframing of the scope and coverage of the regulation on occupational safety and health. Finally, this study also conceptualises and proposes a framework for the formulation of a comprehensive policy on occupational safety and health for public health facilities in the context of Malawi.