Electronic Theses and Dissertations (PhDs)

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Precarious spaces: intersections of gendered identity and violence in Zimbabwean literature
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022-12) Chando, Aaron; Nyanda, Josiah; Muponde, Robert
This thesis examines ways in which selected Zimbabwean literary works expand understandings of the cultural production and deconstruction of precarity. It seeks to advance the claim that a cross-section of Zimbabwean writers espouses a ‘precarious aesthetic’ to reimagine the nation by deconstructing cultural practices that produce and sustain precarity. I postulate that precarity is ideologically produced at the intersections of gendered identities and institutionalised forms of violence, such as ethnonationalism, heteropatriarchal policing, ableism, homophobia, and misogyny, where notional understandings of masculinity and femininity become central to the politics of (un)belonging. I draw on premises from precarity, gendered identities, and intersectionality studies to make a case for a space-bound understanding of precarity that recognises Zimbabwean textual nuances and environmental specificities. By deploying Western-based theorisations of precarity to address dynamics of disempowerment in a Zimbabwean context, I seek to demonstrate that precarity discourses are in a constant process of becoming and to expand discursive space on a subject that has been predominantly approached through tropes of drought and hunger. A cross-cutting premise in precarity studies is that the experience of marginalisation promotes radical thinking, which enables victims to weaponise their condition. This underwrites my assumption that all marginalising impulses leave spaces for pushback, strategic surrender, and self-affirmation. Therefore, throughout the five core chapters of the thesis, I adopt a close reading strategy to offer context-specific evaluations of refusal politics undertaken by precarious subjects in different sites of displacement. I propose that exploring overlaps among marginalising ideologies and pushback mechanisms can unravel new insights about the political function of vulnerability and bring forth a new grammar with which to talk about precarity. Overall, I argue that the literary front constitutes a site of reinvention where precarious subjects are radically written into existence and where diversity and difference are recast as indices of social hygiene.
A critical review of academic practice and integrated edtech use at a South African University: The ‘real’ level
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-06) Hoosen, Nazira; Agherdien, Najma; Abrahams, Lucienne
This study aimed to investigate and understand how academics’ digital competence and critical digital pedagogy (CDP) knowledge shaped pedagogical practice. Freire (1970), Bhaskar (1978), Archer (1995) and Shulman (1987) were the main authors drawn upon in the literature. A qualitative research paradigm and a multiple case study methodology were employed by drawing on critical realism (CR) and social realism (SR) as a theoretical analytical framework. This entailed exploring structural, cultural and agential emergent properties to examine how each construct developed over time prior to synthesis. The analysis demonstrated that the form of agential mediation to which academics were exposed explained why some of them in the same social structures and culture enacted CDP practices, while others did not. Consequently, three crucial dimensions of CDP knowledge and enactment were made visible through this study’s data and theoretical analytical framework, namely digitally-enabling structures, digitally-informed cultures and digitally-capable agency. From a pragmatic perspective, to enact CDP practice, academics need to connect the digital reality to knowledge work and epistemic practice. In this process, academic agency and digital agency would intersect, requiring reflexive and reflective practice. However, while reflection assists in recognising the need for CDP knowledge and enactment, it is insufficient on its own: embodied action and mindful critique of the world are required. From a theoretical perspective, the concept of ‘critical’, in the literature, is related mainly to the level of social relations. This study demonstrated that there is a socio-cultural stratum and a psychological-cognitive stratum. Both these strata need to be considered as mechanisms that interact with each other to produce the outcomes of CDP practice within a digital reality. Collectively, these contributions do not translate to accepting the digital reality as a predestination. Instead, it highlighted that academics functioned in a layered HE system that required, not a singular, but a unified and pluralistic (collective) vision. Individuals and institutions are limited in their capacity to respond proactively to external change and internal complexity. Therefore, the HE system requires a rerouting from the traditional path, critically reframing learning and teaching through transformative foresight, where all parts within the system work co-terminously. One significant outcome of this study is a developmental higher education systems thinking framework focusing on the promotion of CDP practices.
Translanguaging with ‘Monolingual’ Teachers and Heterogeneous Multilingual Learners: Forging New Pedagogies with Shakespeare
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-10) Ritchie, Linda Anne; Newfield, Denise; Thurman, Chris
Despite the multilingualism of most South Africans, and the use of two or more languages by many teachers and learners in South African classrooms, there is a particular sector of the formal education system that is characterised by White English ‘monolingual’ teachers who only use English to communicate with their multilingual learners, some of whom do not speak English as a home language. Such monolingualism deprives many multilinguals of the social and educational benefits of learning in their home languages. The dissertation investigates a pedagogy that can be implemented to address the linguistic injustice in this educational sector. Within the broad understanding of the concept of ‘multiliteracies’, it adopts the New London Group’s (1996) Pedagogy of Multiliteracies as its framework because the pedagogy’s emphases on social justice and linguistic inclusivity make it particularly well-suited for addressing the linguistic inequalities in this sector. However, while highlighting the importance of multilingualism, Multiliteracies pedagogy does not emphasise the lingually complex scenarios in the sector on which the study focuses. To accommodate this issue, the study investigates the inclusion of translanguaging pedagogy as a linguistic component that can be integrated into the four pedagogical components of Multiliteracies pedagogy, when and as required. Specifically, it examines the efficacy of translanguaging pedagogy when it is implemented by a ‘monolingual’ teacher (a teacher who only communicates in a single language) in a class with heterogeneous multilinguals (people who speak multiple, often unrelated languages). To obtain the data for the study, practitioner-based research was conducted in a private secondary school in Johannesburg with a class of heterogeneous multilinguals. Using a mixed-method design, a range of translanguaging activities were implemented during the teaching and learning of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. A Shakespearean play was used because the frequency with which Shakespeare is taught in South African secondary schools necessitates an urgent transformation of its pedagogy. Furthermore, the comprehension difficulties associated with the teaching and learning of Shakespeare’s Early Modern English require a form of translation, which facilitates the introduction of translanguaging pedagogy in the sector on which the study focuses. The results of the study indicate that translanguaging in this educational setting raises learners’ awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and facilitates their understanding of Macbeth. These findings suggest that translanguaging can and should be implemented in this educational sector as much as possible. Perhaps counterintuitively, the implementation of translanguaging in the pedagogy of Shakespeare also provides a way to narrow the educational divide between the global north and the global south by empowering learners to provide uniquely (South) African contributions to global discourses on Shakespeare.
“People is people”: African personhood in the works of Bessie Head
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-08) Castrillón, Gloria Ledger; Hofmeyr, Isabel
From the vantage point of Bessie Head’s oeuvre as a whole, I trace the development of her approach to personhood. Rooted in a post-oppositional view of love expressed as acts of ubuntu, she develops a new paradigm of African personhood distinct from western conceptions of the person. In Nguni languages, ubuntu is the term given to the view that personhood derives from a network of relationships, encapsulated in the saying “I am because you are; we are because you are” (Ogude, 2018, p. 1, emphasis in original). Rejecting the forms of literary and political protest of her time and focusing on the rural context, Head applies three narrative tools to lever change. These are, love-based relationships between individuals; love as acts of ubuntu between people; and sage philosophers who mediate history, embedding Head’s view of personhood in Africa’s history. Chapter 1 places Head’s works in context and sets out the parameters of the relationship between law and human rights. The chapter examines the post-oppositional approach which informs Head’s attempts to deviate from binary-based views of tradition and progress, western and African, from which she proposes her particular view of African personhood. Chapter 2 examines Head’s life, works and critical reception. Chapter 3 examines human rights with specific reference to South Africa’s Freedom Charter. The Charter and the political pressures surrounding its generation were central to Head’s contemporaries’ protest literature. Head rejects this genre, so the chapter also surveys her political outlook. In Chapter 4, the roots of Head’s re-envisioning are examined in The Cardinals and When Rain Clouds Gather. In these early novels, Head uses love as the stimulus for personal and communal change. In The Cardinals, love is individual, and change is limited to two characters. In When Rain Clouds Gather, love expands in scope and, realised through acts of ubuntu, provides the foundation for the marriages and other individual relationships. Together, these enable the realisation of personhood in the context of community. In Chapter 5, the operation of love extends further in Maru and A Question of Power. In Maru, love is tasked with overturning the foundations of racism and reversing the tyranny of tribal, hereditary supremacy. In A Question of Power, love is set against its biggest foe: evil and Satan. By the end, however, it is clear it is unable to perform the transformative social work Head assigns it. Thus, in the last three books, she galvanizes a set of semi-fictional, semi-historical sage philosophers whose words and actions typify her post-oppositional reconceptualisation of Serowe’s history. Chapter 6 examines the liminal position of The Collector of Treasures as it bridges the transition from the first four to the last two texts. In it, diverse storytellers debate the incongruities and ambiguities in the African and western traditions. Chapter 7 examines how Head’s sages become more overt spokespeople for her argument that change is essentially African and animated by love and ubuntu will give rise to an African personhood. In Serowe: Village of the Rain Wind, Khama the Great, Tshekedi Khama and Patrick van Rensburg are actualised African persons as they effect love-grounded, ubuntu motivated change, creating the basis of Africa’s future. In A Bewitched Crossroad, Head uses the fictional interpolations of her most developed sage, Sebina, to mine both the ‘real’ history of Southern Africa and western ways to develop a post-oppositional African vision. In the Chapter 8, Head’s efforts to breathe life into a new ‘race’ of Africans are summed up. Head proposes that ‘African’ is not defined by race, colour or ethnic identity, but by post-oppositional responses, the ability to transform the lives of others, and leadership qualities needed for the future. Identifying the common thread across the texts clarifies Head’s articulation personhood as embedded in Africanness and not in the western presumptions underpinning the novel form.
Diasporic Landscape: A Geosemiotic Analysis of Greekness in Johannesburg
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-03) Vratsanos, Alyssa Vida Castrillon; Baro, Gilles
After a number of waves of immigration of Greeks from Greece, Cyprus, and the established Greek diaspora in Egypt, South Africa is home to a sizable Greek community – concentrated in Johannesburg – that has established its own cultural identity in the country and left indelible traces of Greekness in the semiotic landscape of the city. In this dissertation, I explore the discursive, multimodal processes employed to inscribe Greekness – the quality of being of Greek heritage – in the city of Johannesburg. The overarching aim of this study was to analyse how members of the Greek diaspora in Johannesburg negotiate and perform their Greek identity and how Greekness is inscribed in various spaces in the city. In particular, it aimed to answer the following research questions: (i) How are certain spaces in the city of Johannesburg materially constructed as Greek spaces?; (ii) How is Greekness semiotically constructed?; and (iii) How is this constructed Greekness experienced by social actors, in the context of a European diasporic community in Johannesburg, a city in the Global South?. Empirically, this linguistic/semiotic landscape study made use of multimodal data, in the form of ethnographic field notes, photographs of signs, interviews, and newspaper articles, which were analysed within Scollon and Scollon’s (2003) geosemiotics framework. Previous works by McDuling (2014) and McDuling and Barnes (2012) have examined the Greek diaspora in Johannesburg from a sociolinguistic perspective, with a focus on language shift and maintenance. This study differs significantly in approach, shifting the focus from language use to an analysis of the signs used to assert and inscribe Greekness in Johannesburg, thereby drawing this subject matter into a linguistic landscape study of the diaspora In the empirical chapters of the dissertation, I used geosemiotics as a methodological toolkit to analyse several themes that arose from my data. First, I analysed the role food plays in inscribing Greekness in Johannesburg through an analysis of the Greek foodscapes in the city, such as Greek restaurants and supermarkets, as well as the food-centric elements used in other Greek spaces to communicate Greekness. I then introduced the concept of syncretism as a term that can be applied in a semiotic sense, to describe the ways in which signs and symbols from various, sometimes incompatible, aspects of Greek history and identity are deliberately displayed side-by-side in a space and operate in aggregate to communicate homogeneous and ‘authentic’ Greekness. Finally, I took a ‘semiotic approach’ (Van Leeuwen, 2001) to authenticity and analysed how authenticity in the Greek diaspora is semiotically constructed both visually and aurally in Greek spaces in Johannesburg. This study argues that the Greek diaspora in Johannesburg seeks to construct spaces in the city as recognisably and undeniably Greek, deliberately distinguishing themselves from the rest of the city, including other South Africans and other diasporas, by using a constellation of multimodal and multisensorial signs to convey a sense of homogeneous Greekness. The types of signs that are used to inscribe Greekness are all linked to the desirability – and by extension superiority – of Greek culture, heritage, and history. Thus, the ways in which Greekness is inscribed by the diaspora in Johannesburg rely on a process of self-exoticism (cf. Iwabuchi, 1994).
Media Voices and Power: A decolonial analysis of black voices in the post-apartheid South African media landscape using City Press newspaper as an analytical focus
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-03) Mgibisa, Mbuyisi; Menon, Dilip; Daniels, Glenda
This study conducts a decolonial analysis of black voices in the post-apartheid South African media landscape using City Press newspaper as an analytical focus. For the purposes of this study, I have analysed four case studies linked to the mediation and meditation of black voices in the media and public sphere. First, this study explores the subjection of black voices inside the newsroom using the black-oriented newspaper, City Press, as an example. It assesses the structure of whiteness in that newspaper and interrogate whether it provided its black journalists with a room to write from the standpoint of “black perspective”. The second theme is an exploration and personal account of my lived experience in the typical South African neoliberal newsroom and an attempt to bring theory in order to figure out my lived experience. Third, this thesis focuses on forms of gendered and racialised forms of subjection posed by the silencing of voices of black women journalists in the South African mainstream media, including social media. And the fourth theme looks at the importance and significance of voice or speech in doing politics in the post-apartheid South Africa and interrogates how the Economic Freedom Fighters’ (EFF) has deployed its “radical black voice” through the concept of Black rage. The study utilises decolonial theory and Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness philosophy as a lens as it seeks to investigate how essentialised, racialised, politicised, gendered and lived are black voices in post 1994 South Africa media landscape and public sphere. This study, then, involves the critical analysis of four themes, all of which are integrally related. The main argument advanced in this thesis is that black voices continue to be subjected through the concept and function of coloniality. For this reason, the study not only historizes black voices as producers, users and custodians of knowledge but also situates their lived experiences. This study finds that even in the face of debilitating coloniality in our everyday lives, black voices persist through those politicised, gendered, racialised and lived negative forms of invisibility and marginalisation and think and speak from the perspective of blackness. Therefore, this thesis posits that black voices are a communicative plane on which blackness performs and articulate itself, for itself. Moreover, this study is a form of epistemic protest against systematic and systemic silencing of black voices and an attempt to counter efforts of rendering black people, in particular black women, speechless. The transdisciplinary methodological approach deployed here is, first and foremost, embedded in the theoretical framework and various methods and concepts will be operationalised to bring to light the complex and complicated nature of how black voices are mediated in the post-apartheid South African media landscape and public sphere. The interview method, which comprises a reflective commentary, and autoethnography are important components of this study. Additionally, the empirical findings through interview material, newspaper articles and tweeter feeds have been examined through discourse analysis and through the prism of the conceptual analytical tools deployed here.
Igeza lensizwa as fashioned by ILanga le Theku
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-03-15) Ngwane, Simphiwe Blessing Mthokozelwa; Mupotsa, Danai S.
The objective of this study is to explore, analyse and interpret igeza lensizwa fashion inspired photographs on the back page of the first isiZulu-language lifestyle supplement called ILanga le Theku. These were photographs of street-casted young black men from around eThekwini that were being foregrounded as public scripts of youthful Zulu masculinities. Through a discursive approach to Critical Masculinities Studies, I interrogate how young Zulu men made situated decisions in the fashioning of their masculinities. The study engages other interlocutors that were involved in the fashioning of igeza lensizwa. These were the female-led editorial team, the mostly male photographers that street-casted and photographed young men, the young men that agreed and those that did not agree to be street-casted, and the female readers, as represented by the female persona. All these interlocutors had a hand in shaping the form of igeza lensizwa. The archive of the fashion inspired photographs of amageza ezinsizwa and their accompanying captions were approached as key sites where masculine representations were being articulated and contested. The study demonstrates how ILanga le Theku devised various literary techniques to cater for its two implied readers/audiences of igeza lensizwa. Through analysing these literary techniques, the study crafted two concepts to offer more context-based readings of Zulu masculinities as represented in ILanga le Theku. The study foregrounds a concept of igeza lensizwa as being comprised of ukuzithemba [self confidence] and ukuzizwa [self-regard]. The other concept is, thirst-trap which is achieved if the image of igeza lensizwa complies with ukuheha [to entice] and ukuchaza [to have an affect], in relation to the implied female audience. The study demonstrates how these two concepts offer insights on Zulu masculinities by engaging how young people eThekwini were changing dual gender systems norms and matters of desire. Moreover, the study shows how the section was also a site that challenged the myopic limits of homosocial desire with its limitation of masculine desire only incorporating interpersonal attractions. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that through shifts in spectatorship, facilitated by an auto-ethnographic queer lens as method, I inferred looking relations that, inter alia, explored how young men were asked to introspect, and confront masculine beauty.
Disinformation: exploring the nexus between politics and technology in Nigeria
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Olaniran, Samuel; Gagaliardone, Iginio
Over the past decade, disinformation and social media hoaxes have evolved from a nuisance into a high-stake information war, exploiting weaknesses in our online information ecosystem. Although social media has the potential to strengthen democratic processes, there is increasing evidence of malicious actors polluting Nigeria’s information ecosystem during elections. Misleading narratives targeting candidates and political parties were picked up, liked, shared, and retweeted by thousands of other users during the 2019 presidential election campaign. Rooted in the theoretical lens of centre/periphery dynamics and equalizing and normalizing hypothesis, this study examines the networked nature of disinformation by identifying instigators, techniques, and motivations for spreading manipulated information around elections. While providing valuable data-driven insights drawn from a computational analysis of over 3 million tweets and a critical blend of qualitative framework, this study analyses the human agency and motivations behind online disinformation. The spread of falsities is coordinated in a way that “ordinary users” unknowingly become “unwitting agents” as “sincere activists” of concerted influence operations, a participatory culture that amplifies disinformation and propaganda. Agents’ participation in the “nairainfluenzer” industry is motivated by factors such ethnic and religious sentiments, poor economy, and low trust in news media. These findings broaden the perspective for examining top-down, orchestrated work as well as other types of coordination that stress how election-related disinformation heightens centre/periphery power dynamics. It further emphasizes that the systematic production and amplification of disinformation on Twitter represents a universal online behaviour not common “emotional-periphery” states.
Using mixed-method approaches to provide new insights into media coverage of femicide
(2019) Brodie, Nechama R.
South Africa has a femicide rate that is six times the world average. Over 2,500 women aged 14 years or older are murdered every year, the majority of these women killed by an intimate partner. Despite the prevalence of femicide, less than 20% of these murders are ever reported in South African news media. Studies on news-media coverage of femicide reveal a subjective and obscure process of media selection and exclusion, which contribute to an archive of crime reporting that is not reflective of actual crime rates and which actively distort the nature and frequency of certain types of crime. This influences public perceptions and fear of violent crime, including notions of who is a suspect and who is most at risk. This study uses mixed-method approaches to document and analyse the content and extent of commercial news media coverage of femicides that took place in South Africa during the 2012/2013 crime reporting year, through an original media database listing 408 femicide victims associated with 5,778 press articles. Victim and incident information is compared with epidemiological and statistical data, including mortuary-based studies and police crime statistics. Media data is explored through various media effects models, including a mixedmethods framing analysis, and is also examined by title, and by language. These analyses reveal how media constructs and depicts particular notions of gender, violence, race, and crime in South Africa.

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