Portuguese Language in the multi-linguistic South Africa and the maintenance of the Portuguese community in Pretoria

Abstract

The multilingual and multicultural environment of South Africa offers a significant framework for examining language preservation within immigrant populations. This study investigates the Portuguese-speaking population in Pretoria, emphasising intergenerational language transmission, linguistic adaptability, and cultural preservation within a primarily English and Afrikaans-speaking environment. This study examines the economical, educational, and political aspects affecting the retention of Portuguese as a heritage language from both historical and contemporary viewpoints. The study used a mixed-methods approach, integrating questionnaire data and qualitative interviews to examine language use trends across several generations. Research indicates that first-generation immigrants retain a robust affiliation with Portuguese, utilising it as their principal mode of communication, whereas second- and third-generation speakers demonstrate a gradual transition towards English. The language shift is influenced by educational policies, economic integration, the growing use of English in professional and social contexts, and insufficient formal education in Portuguese in South Africa. Notwithstanding these hurdles, the research underscores the crucial role of community organisations, internet platforms, and familial networks in the preservation of Portuguese. Cultural organisations, religious entities, and social media participation facilitate the dissemination of language and cultural identity, cultivating a sense of belonging in younger generations. The research highlights the influence of diaspora networks in strengthening language links via cross-border relations with Portugal, Mozambique, and Brazil. The study indicates that, in the absence of proactive language preservation efforts, Portuguese in Pretoria is at risk of further decrease among younger generations. Policy recommendations encompass the inclusion of Portuguese as a subject in South African educational institutions, enhanced governmental and institutional backing for heritage language programs, and the augmentation of intergenerational mentorship activities. This study enhances the discourse on language preservation in multilingual societies and offers insights into the emerging linguistic identities of immigrant populations in post-apartheid South Africa.