Evaluation of Waste-to-Energy Technology Use by South African Metropolitan Municipalities

Abstract

This research aimed to assess the implementation of waste-to-energy (WtE) technology in three South African metropolitan municipalities, which are the City of Johannesburg, the City of Tshwane and the City of Ekurhuleni, focusing on its technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. As the push for decentralised electricity generation intensifies, local governments seek alternative energy solutions to lessen their dependence on the national grid. While many metropolitan areas have concentrated on solar and wind energy initiatives, this study explores the potential of WtE technology to tackle waste management challenges and energy production requirements simultaneously. By utilising a mixed-methods approach, the research will offer a thorough understanding of the obstacles, advantages, and sustainability outlook of WtE projects in the context of South African metropolitan areas. The study's findings highlight that while WtE technology is increasingly recognised as a sustainable solution for waste management and energy generation, its adoption in Gauteng's metropolitan municipalities remains limited. Survey results indicate that approximately 66% of respondents consider WtE crucial for reducing landfill dependence and diversifying energy sources, yet financial, regulatory, and technological barriers hinder large-scale implementation. Johannesburg, Tshwane, and Ekurhuleni have varying levels of adoption, with some operational projects like landfill gas-to-energy plants and biogas facilities contributing modestly to the grid. However, challenges such as high capital costs, lengthy approval processes, and infrastructure deficits necessitate targeted policy interventions and investment strategies to accelerate WtE adoption.