Faculty of Humanities (ETDs)

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    The Experiences of Black Female Postgraduate Students With Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2019-2021, The Case of Witwatersrand University
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Mashiane, Sphiwe; Bala, Samkelo
    The COVID-19 global pandemic has compelled institutions of higher education to transition to emergency remote learning, leading many postgraduate students, both nationally and internationally, to begin their studies online. Research has shown the need for universities to support the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate as this is a major transition into academia. Research has also revealed that the struggle with mental health has increased with this transition and additionally with the COVID-19 pandemic, however, there is a lack of research investigating the experiences of Black females in the academic space and their experiences with mental health. Thus, this study aims to understand the experiences of Black female postgraduate students with mental health during the spread of COVID-19, 2019-2021. The research approach used for this study was the qualitative approach as it was the most appropriate in seeking to understand the experiences of a unique group such as a Black female postgraduate. A case study design was employed, and the experiences shared were explored through the lens of the intersectionality theory and the research was grounded by the interpretivist paradigm. The sample was drawn from the population of students from Witwatersrand University and the sample consisted of eight (8) participants. The method of data collection was computer-mediated interviews which were interpreted using a five-phase thematic analysis. The participants' responses revealed that although all eight participants experienced challenges with their mental health sharing symptoms associated with anxiety, stress, depression, and loneliness, only two participants used the psychosocial services offered by the university. The reasons for not seeking help from the university psychosocial services included fear of the unknown, services feeling unreachable, stigma and fear of not being assisted immediately. The most shared reason for not seeking help however was participants not perceiving the need to seek help. Participants, therefore, opted for coping mechanisms such as sleeping, partying, and using substances and most participants turned to their spirituality. The study, therefore, made recommendations for campus psychosocial services to employ more mental health practitioners such that there is education about mental health and the services offered.
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    Neurocognitive Rehabilitation for an Adolescent HIV Population: The Case of Sustained Attention
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Zondo, Sizwe
    The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a significant disease burden. In terms of neurocognitive health, HIV crosses the blood-brain barrier, resulting in neuronal dysregulation and compromised neurocognition. Of further import, antiretroviral drugs are indicated to have limited permeability in the central nervous system and do not reverse compromised neurocognition, sequent HIV neuroinvasion. The objectives of the study were to investigate the efficacy of HIV cognitive rehabilitation therapy (HIV-CRT) in adolescent HIV. The first aim was to investigate the evidence for the cognitive rehabilitation of HIV in adolescent and geriatric samples, sequent neuroHIV. This investigation resulted in the publication of a meta-analysis detailing the efficacy of attention remediation in neuroHIV. The second aim was to examine the efficacy of fNIRS neuroimaging in measuring hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex in adolescents neuroHIV. This investigation resulted in the publication of an article detailing the efficacy of fNIRS in detailing changes in oxygenated haemoglobin in adolescents living with neuroHIV. The third aim was to pair fNIRS optical neuroimaging with behavioural data to investigate changes associated with brain training at a cortical and behavioural level. The execution of the above aim resulted in the publication of an article detailing the procedures and methods to achieve the enquiry. The fourth article, under review, details findings related to neural efficiency and attention training. The final manuscript, under preparation, details functional connectivity outcomes related to attention training. To enable the analysis of the published articles, an initial cohort of 42 adolescents (mean age = 17.28) living with HIV participated in the study. Following attrition, the sample was reduced to 26 participants. Thirteen participants were assigned to the treatment group (n = 13; mean age = 16; SD = 1.2), which received cognitive rehabilitation to remediate attention. Thirteen children acted as controls (mean age = 17; SD = 1.3). Pre- and post-intervention data were analysed using behavioural and optical imaging data. 5 Findings indicated that HIV-CRT (attention) is associated with decreased oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO) and increased functional connectivity in the Central Executive Network (CEN). Contrary to expectation, HIV-CRT was associated with minimal behavioural gains, as indicated by neuropsychological assessments. Taken together, findings seem to suggest that in adolescent neuroHIV, customised HIV-CRT promotes cortical efficiency. However, brain training does not translate to immediate behavioural improvements at post-assessment. Summarily, findings suggest that cortical plasticity may precede near-and-far cognitive transfer gain in adolescents neuroHIV.
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    Career adaptability, occupational identity, and psychologica well-being after a career change during the covid-19 pandemic
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Kutu, Siyamthanda; Donald, Fiona
    OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the relationship between career adaptability, occupational identity, and Psychological Well-being at Work in South African employees who experienced career change during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is framed within the Career Construction Theory where the pandemic is contextualised as a career shock. METHODS: Employing a quantitative approach, this study adopts a correlational, non-experimental, cross-sectional research design. Purposive sampling, including criterion-based and snowball sampling techniques, was utilized to recruit participants. The sample comprised 62 South African employees who experienced career changes between 2020 and 2022 due to the pandemic's impact on the labour market. Data w as collected through structured online questionnaires, incorporating validated scales. Ethical considerations were addressed, ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, and minimal harm to participants. RESULTS: Regression analysis revealed significant positive relationships between career adaptability, occupational identity, and Psychological Well-being at Work. Specifically, both career adaptability and occupational identity emerged as strong predictors of Psychological Well-being at Work among the participants. Descriptive statistics provided insights into the sample characteristics, indicating a diverse range of career change experiences during the pandemic. The study under scores the importance of fostering adaptability and building a robust occupational identity to enhance employees' psychological well-being amidst career transitions, particularly in times of crisis like COVID-19.
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    The Exploration of the experiences and perceptions of service providers on the implementation of the Amendments to the Criminal Law (Sexual Offenses and Related Matters) Amendment Act 13 of 2021: The case of statutory rape in Johannesburg, Gauteng
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Doodhnath, Sirishka; Nkala-Dlamini, Busisiwe
    This study aims to explore service providers’ perceptions and experiences regarding the implementation of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 13 of 2021 in South Africa. The study examined the regulations concerning the age of consent for sexual activity involving minors, which are considered essential in addressing statutory rape. Using a qualitative research approach and exploratory study design, the study sought to gain an in-depth understanding of service providers on the effectiveness of the Act in addressing statutory rape and related issues. 12 service providers who have worked on the Amended Act were recruited and sampled for the study with the assistance of the Department of Community Safety. The department provided the researcher with a list of multi-disciplinary team professionals involved in the Victim Empowerment program. The study employed semi- structured interviews using interview guides to collect data from all service providers involved in the implementation of the Act. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and to identify recurring themes. The study findings offer insights that can assist policymakers in addressing the challenges and gaps in the implementation of the Act, with the goal of protecting minors and combating statutory rape in South Africa.
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    Exploring Stigmas and Emotions of Transgender People Using Rasa Theory and Rasaboxes in Drama Therapy
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Keseni, Siphokuhle Cleopathra; Henriques, Leila
    The goal of this study is to explore the emotional experiences of people who identify as transgender. Through Performance Ethnography, I hope to create awareness about how transgender individuals feel and how their experiences are influenced by the stigmas surrounding them. Performance Ethnography is a qualitative data collection method that explores the various facets of performance. It involves combining multiple ethnographic techniques and theoretical frameworks from performance studies (Finesurrey, 2019). I will use semi-structured qualitative interviews, audio recordings, journal writing, observation and performance to collect data. In this performance, I will use the collected data to create the performance. I will be using rasa boxes to move from one emotion to another. The data will be created by Rasa in real-time, and the audience will be able to hear and inspect it as it is presented. My research participants will be transgender individuals aged 20-35 years old.
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    The perceptions of social workers on the implementation of the Occupation Specific Dispensation policy (OSD) within the Department of Social Development in the Johannesburg Region
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2020) Mathebula, Sipho Sol; Masinga, Poppy
    The Occupation Specific Dispensation (0SD) policy was introduced in the public service for social workers in 2009 as a strategy to recruit and retain social workers with the introduction of new salary scales, career pathing, pay and grade progression and recognition of appropriate experience. The perceptions of social workers on the implementation of the OSD policy have not been established and this lack of knowledge leaves a gap in understanding the perceived impact this policy has had on social workers. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of social workers on the implementation of the Occupation Specific Dispensation policy within the Department of Social Development in the Johannesburg Region. Since implementation of the policy, there has been research studies conducted on the outcomes of the OSD policy within the public health sector yet no studies have been conduct that focus on the challenges encountered by social workers in the implementation of the policy. The study utilised the qualitative research approach which was exploratory and descriptive in nature. The collective case study design was adopted. A sample of ten social workers and three key informants were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic content analysis. The key finding was that the OSD policy was not effective in recruitment since it is rigid and inflexible. Another concern raised was the long period it took to move from one occupational level to the next resulting in a demotivated and demoralised workforce. The study also found that there was management bias in the implementation of the performance management and development system. The study contributes to our understanding of the perceptions about the unintended consequences of the OSD policy and how these are perceived to have impacted negatively on the recruitment and retention of social workers.
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    Azibuye Emasisweni: Exploring Everyday Notions of Zulu Nationalism Through the Women in the Hostels of Alexandra Township
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Makhathini, Sinqobile; Mngomezulu, Nosipho
    This thesis explores the lives of four women who ethnically identify as Zulu within the hostels of Alexandra. Hostels, which refer to the housing compounds that were established as ethnically segregated and gender-distinguished spheres for the colonial migrant labour system, have become an essential axis for Zulu nationalist revival away from Kwa-Zulu Natal. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews, I examine how Mam’Dlamini (57 years), the Nduna of Madala hostel and three hostel residents: Nokukhanya (23years), Mam’Nzama (55 years), Nokwazi (21 years), engage and shape forms of Zulu nationalism within their everyday life. I further engaged in autoethnography, whereby I positioned myself as the fifth participant, undertaking self-reflexivity about my identification as a Zulu woman. My work is invested in ukuzwa ngenkaba, listening with the umbilical cord, which is to say, centring African epistemologies in the ways we research (Mkhize 2023). In this way, I think through Fox and Miller-Idriss’ (2008) four modalities of everyday nationhood (talking, choosing, consuming and performing the nation) within Zulu conceptual frames. In my research, I found that in “talking the nation'' women used ulimi and ukuncelisa both literally and figuratively to signal membership and centre the role of mothers in shaping Zulu subjectivity. The framing of choices as national is understood by participants as more than individual articulations of personal agency but importantly incorporates inherited traditions. Ordinary people are not simply uncritical consumers of the nation; they are simultaneously its creative producers through everyday acts of consumption (Fox et al 2008, 505). My research shows how rituals become fertile sites for enacting Zulu personhood through specific forms of consumption and production. Performing the nation was evidenced through the women’s embodied expressions of inhlonipho. These themes have allowed for the understanding of how women do not remain hidden within notions of co-constituting but rather preserve this order from and beyond their matriarchal hold of the hostel.
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    People’s Dignity is at stake: The Ambulance Availability Crisis in Lusikisiki, Ingquza Hill Local Municipality
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Bolitina, Sinovuyo
    Access to healthcare is and remains a challenge globally. In South Africa, the limited ambulance availability crisis is an example of this. The people affected the most rely on public healthcare in remote and rural areas, such as the small town of Lusikisiki in the Eastern Cape Province. This study sought to investigate the research question, “How does the limited ambulance availability impact access to public healthcare for the people of Lusikisiki in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality?”. I adopted a qualitative research approach and interviewed twenty participants identified through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Limited ambulance availability inhibits the people of Lusikisiki from accessing healthcare. This crisis exists and impacts clusters of communities already facing socioeconomic, political, and geographical issues. These factors are at play and impact people’s day-to-day lives. Recommendations entail implementing more strategies and policies, looking at a more holistic approach, and examining this crisis from a social and health context perspective to overcome healthcare access barriers; thereby ensuring access and the health and well-being of everyone.
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    The 1995 Shobashobane Christmas Day massacre: political mass murder that shook the new South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Khumalo, Sibongile
    This research report tells the story of the killing of 18 African National Congress (ANC) supporters in the village of Shobashobane on the KwaZulu-Natal south coast by an Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) aligned mob. It is one of the earliest episodes of political conflict that marred post-apartheid South Africa in what was a climax of instability in the region with a long history of violence. The survivors of the massacre still bear the scars of the onslaught and question whether the political change they fought for has brought them the future they envisaged. The gruesome attack, which took place on 25 December 1995, was a consequence of a fight for political hegemony between the IFP and the ANC. Twenty-eight years after the massacre, the events of that fateful Christmas day are still etched in the memory of the survivors and aggravated by the challenging socio-economic conditions of the present. The court found the massacre to be politically motivated by the rival supporters. Those convicted and jailed for their role in the massacre described by the court as ‘well-orchestrated’ have all been released from prison, while others had their convictions overturned on appeal shortly after sentencing. Political violence continues to plague parts of KwaZulu-Natal in different forms, and Shobashobane remains a mishmash of complex socio-political contrasts.
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    The role of social media in career discovery, aspirations, and choice of South African university students: A Social Cognitive Perspective
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Cronje, Sherrilee; Mlilo, Sifiso
    The aim of this study was to explore the role of social media in shaping the career discovery, aspirations, and choices of South African university students. This was explored through three key research questions around how South African university students perceive the influence of social media in the discovery and exploration of career options, how they perceive the influence of social media in the formations of their career aspirations, and how they perceive the influence of social media on their career decisions. A cross-sectional, qualitative, interpretivist research design was employed whereby data was gathered through non-probability convenience sampling through volunteers and snowball/chain sampling methods as well as a purposive strategy. Interviews were conducted on the sample, and these were then analysed through a thematic analysis methodology in order to explore the experiences of the participants. The sample consisted of 14 individuals between the ages of 22-27 who were studying in South Africa through a tertiary educational institution. The study utilized Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) as a theoretical framework to understand the impact of social media on the behaviour and career development of South African students. SCCT proved highly beneficial in explaining the role of social media in shaping career interests and facilitating career exploration. While social media played a significant role in exposing students to various career options and influencing their perceptions, it was not perceived as the primary determinant of career choices. Rather, personal interests, passions, and other factors played a more significant role. Nevertheless, social media did have an indirect influence on career decisions by providing information and shaping perceptions. The study's findings align with previous research but also offer nuanced insights, contributing to the understanding of social media's role in the career journey. This research fills a gap in South African literature and lays the groundwork for future studies in this area.