Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management (ETDs)

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    Exploring the benefits of Social Entrepreneurship in Gauteng, South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Azeeemah, Shiraz Ahmed Mahomed; Hlologelo, Malatji
    South Africa, like other Africa countries, is experiencing high rates of unemployment and poverty. In response, the government has introduced various economic and social assistance programmes to uplift marginalised communities and poor people. However, assistance by government is often not sufficient to address all socio-economic issues. As a result, the private sector, through businesses, is undertaking various social projects to help the government meet the needs of poor people. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the practice of social entrepreneurship, in particular how it is practiced, and how it contributes to addressing societal problems such as poverty. The study was in nature a qualitative research study, and employed a case study design. Through the purposive sampling technique, 16 individuals were sampled, drawn from companies that have interests in or that practice social entrepreneurship in the South African context. The data was collected through online one-on-one interviews, while the data was analysed using a thematic analysis method. The study found that social entrepreneurship is a tool for sustainable development, and that it does have an impact in helping decrease poverty, create employment and assist communities. However, several challenges, such as funding, lack of resources and government support, and absence of policy direction are obstacles facing the social entrepreneur on a daily basis. Some of the recommendations are that a central hub is established, for all stakeholders to engage in dialogue, which may lead to policy development that will assist the social entrepreneur, and for learning from other, more experienced social entrepreneurs
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    Exploring Challenges & Support Structures for Small, Medium & Micro Enterprises in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Lephoko, Nolwazi; Banga, Chantal
    The purpose of this study is to explore what are the current impediments that still face SMME’s in South Africa and whether support programs in place have been effective in mitigating these impediments that result in the observable high failure rate of this sector. The study explores the SMME sector as well as all responsible and participating stakeholders within government, NPO’s and conglomerates that aid in the progress of the sector, as a crucial vehicle in job creation in South Africa. The research uses lack of funding as a focal point and aims to critically analyze any measures and efforts made thus far to eliminate this continuous barrier, primarily in South Africa. The research method used is a qualitative approach which was deemed as an effective approach to identify impediments faced by SMME’s through semi-structured questions conducted through an interview, while also investigating efforts and strategies employed by interviewing key stakeholder within support programme initiatives in the country. The study revealed the following findings: Access to finance remains an impediment for micro and small business in South Africa; Micro and small enterprises utilize mainly non-traditional funding alternatives due to the difficulties of accessing traditional funding avenues; Informal sector transition in South Africa continues to be stalled; Lastly there have been evident changes regarding supplier diversity efforts in South Africa’s private sector owed to governments support program and incubation effort
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    An energy mix policy to address the wicked problem of energy insecurity in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Khumalo, Nduduzo S. P.; Mondi, Lumkile
    Eskom is struggling to consistently supply electricity as required by the country, therefore failing to keep the lights on. Eskom has been producing less and less power over the years, a wicked problem for an economy faced with poverty, unemployment and inequality. This wicked problem in the energy (electricity) supply system has impacted a large number of stakeholders. These include, mining, commercial and industrial, agriculture, households and the entire Southern African Power Pool and its customers. As a result, this energy insecurity problem of all the stakeholders is therefore considered as a wicked problem that does not have a straightforward solution. This research investigates the impact and challenges in the economy and society at large as a result of wicked problem, energy insecurity, and assesses what can be done by the society to mitigate these challenges and then propose a solution to the identified problem in the form of Energy Mix Policy. It does so by using secondary data from multiple database sources. This research argues that the energy insecurity (unreliable energy supply) in South Africa is a wicked problem. It affects multiple stakeholders from the business communities, government, industries, and everyone in the society, even touching climate change environmental management sectors. This also affects all economic industries, commercial businesses, water supply, hospitals, telecommunications, and transportation sectors, etc. as they all require power to operate, and therefore a solution would require all these stakeholders to be involved and act collectively together in finding a solution that can assure energy security for all
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    The Contribution of Non-Governmental Organisations to the Fight against Poverty in Chegutu District, Zimbabwe
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Kabonga, Itai; Moyo, Bhekinkosi; McCandless, Erin
    The study explored the contribution of NGOs to the fight against poverty from an assetaccumulation perspective. The research was motivated by the paucity of studies in Zimbabwe examining NGOs and poverty reduction from an asset accumulation perspective. The reality in Chegutu District reflects asset challenges emanating from income struggles, vulnerability to economic shocks and infrastructural shortages. Some of the problems are caused by politics and broader poor governance practices in the district and country at large. The study deployed a qualitative approach; given the goal of capturing NGOs’ beneficiaries, staff, and government officials' perspectives, lived realities and experiences. Data to answer the research questions were collected using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and documentary analysis. It emerged that NGOs in Chegutu District rely more on supply side asset accumulation interventions to fight poverty. They include household economic strengthening (HES), vocational training, community apprenticeship, nutritional gardens as well as service provision, with only referral strategy and lobbying resembling demand side interventions. Several asset accumulation strategies mentioned above generate income (financial assets) in poor households; enabling them to buy food, pay for children's school fees, afford medical care, and meet other daily needs. As households build financial assets, their investments in children's health and education improve, a view supported by many scholars. Guided by a theoretical framing – the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), which argues that poverty is a function emanating from lack of access to five forms of assets–financial, social, physical, natural, and human (Arun, Annim, and Arun, 2010) – findings suggest the need to widen the framework. NGOs also facilitate the building of informational and psychological assets which are key factors in the process of poverty reduction. This research also established that asset accumulation interventions by NGOs hinge on both institutional and non-institution enablers such as government ministries, partner NGOs, community volunteers and community leaders. The study argues that for NGO beneficiaries to reap benefits from NGO interventions, agency taken to be a component of the SLF human assets in the form of patience, resilience, innovation and thinking outside the box plays a critical role. Asset building interventions by NGOs are not operating without challenges and drawbacks. Asset accumulation at household level supported by NGOs is being slowed by bad governance induced macro-economic challenges such as inflation as well the advent of COVID-19 which disrupted v asset accumulation interventions like household economic strengthening, nutritional gardens, and educational support. While the supply side interventions are key in fighting poverty, this study recommends that NGOs need to intermix their interventions with more demand side interventions that include watchdog and advocacy to deal with structural causes of poverty. This may call for NGOs to re-examine their orientation.
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    The effects of the government’s Covid-19 social relief of distress grant programme in Mathole Ville
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Lidaga, Olga Refiloe
    The Covid-19 pandemic generated major setbacks in South Africa, mainly in terms of a decrease in employment opportunities, increased poverty, and economic hardships. To reduce the negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, the government implemented the Social Relief of Distress Grant (SRDG), which targeted those who had no source of income. Despite all these efforts, unemployment and poverty continue to rise. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the SRDG programme in Mathole Ville, a neighbourhood west of Johannesburg. The study found that government spending in the form of the Covid-19 SRDG increased demand and supply due to beneficiaries spending their funds on neighbourhood businesses, resulting in an increase in neighbourhood businesses turnover. However, the increase in turnover could not increase workers' income or employment opportunities. The study also found that the Covid-19 SRDG did not alleviate poverty as recipients remained below the poverty line
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    South Africa’s legal framework to eradicate period poverty
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Jonker, Vivienne
    A teenage girl attempting to complete high school in a low-income setting in South Africa is likely impeded by period poverty. Period poverty is the circumstance of women and girls1 being unable to manage their periods due to their socio-economic conditions. It compromises a plethora of human rights, such as the rights to education and equality. The South African state is legally obliged to ensure, at the very least, that these rights are not compromised. This paper equips the reader with an understanding of South Africa’s legal framework to address period poverty. It tells the story of the state’s measures to address period poverty; identifies their pertinent shortfalls and proposes amendments to the framework. Activists campaigning for the eradication of period poverty are encouraged to advocate for these amendments
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    The contribution of non-governmental organisations to the fight against poverty in Chegutu District, Zimbabwe
    (2022-06) Kabonga, Itai
    The study explored the contribution of NGOs to the fight against poverty from an asset accumulation perspective. The research was motivated by the paucity of studies in Zimbabwe examining NGOs and poverty reduction from an asset accumulation perspective. The reality in Chegutu District reflects asset challenges emanating from income struggles, vulnerability to economic shocks and infrastructural shortages. Some of the problems are caused by politics and broader poor governance practices in the district and country at large. The study deployed a qualitative approach; given the goal of capturing NGOs’ beneficiaries, staff, and government officials' perspectives, lived realities and experiences. Data to answer the research questions were collected using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and documentary analysis. It emerged that NGOs in Chegutu District rely more on supply side asset accumulation interventions to fight poverty. They include household economic strengthening (HES), vocational training, community apprenticeship, nutritional gardens as well as service provision, with only referral strategy and lobbying resembling demand side interventions. Several asset accumulation strategies mentioned above generate income (financial assets) in poor households; enabling them to buy food, pay for children's school fees, afford medical care, and meet other daily needs. As households build financial assets, their investments in children's health and education improve, a view supported by many scholars. Guided by a theoretical framing – the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), which argues that poverty is a function emanating from lack of access to five forms of assets–financial, social, physical, natural, and human (Arun, Annim, and Arun, 2010) –findings suggest the need to widen the framework. NGOs also facilitate the building of informational and psychological assets which are key factors in the process of poverty reduction. This research also established that asset accumulation interventions by NGOs hinge on both institutional and non-institution enablers such as government ministries, partner NGOs, community volunteers and community leaders. The study argues that for NGO beneficiaries to reap benefits from NGO interventions, agency taken to be a component of the SLF human assets in the form of patience, resilience, innovation and thinking outside the box plays a critical role. Asset building interventions by NGOs are not operating without challenges and drawbacks. Asset accumulation at household level supported by NGOs is being slowed by bad governance induced macro-economic challenges such as inflation as well the advent of COVID-19 which disrupted asset accumulation interventions like household economic strengthening, nutritional gardens, and educational support. While the supply side interventions are key in fighting poverty, this study recommends that NGOs need to intermix their interventions with more demand side interventions that include watchdog and advocacy to deal with structural causes of poverty. This may call for NGOs to re-examine their orientation.
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    Exploring informal cross border trading and poverty reduction in Harare
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Chadambuka, Rumbidzai Ann; Lynge, Halfdan
    Informal sector in Africa is a major source of income and entrepreneurship for those with less skills and the unemployed. ICBT is a common informal activity for poor households, and it is a survival strategy for the marginalised, especially women. ICBT is mainly attributed to failing economies and poverty in Africa. This study explores how ICBT contributes to the socio-economic needs of Harare households. There is scant literature on ICBT's contributions to day-to-day basic needs. Thus, this study sought to fill this gap in literature by exploring the contributions of ICBT in Harare households. A qualitative study was conducted with twenty participants consisting of thirteen women engaged in ICBT, five family members and two agents. Participants were recruited using snowball and purposive sampling and, on the basis that they were female, resided in Harare, engaged in ICBT between Harare and Johannesburg or a family member staying with the female trader or an agent of the trader. Face-to-face and telephonic interviews were conducted with participants using narrative approach and were audio-recorded. Data were analysed using thematic data analysis ICBT has made positive and negative socio-economic impact in the home. Due to failing economic conditions in Zimbabwe, both the employed and unemployed, educated and less educated, find themselves in ICBT to generate income and to supplement their low salaries. ICBT has empowered women in Harare by making them financially independent to cater for their family needs. Women’s role has been changing from unpaid household chores to being breadwinners and this earns them respect they never had before. The sector has its own challenges mainly due to changes in economic trends, government regulations, societal and cultural expectations, and Covid-19 pandemic. These challenges do not necessarily stop ICBT because traders always find other ways to continue in business. Strengthening context-specific and context-driven policies that are supportive and not hostile to ICBT should be prioritized in empowering women and curbing the challenges they face in ICBT.