Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management (ETDs)
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Item Digitalisation in the banking industry – the future of banking(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Basdewo, Kishen; MatasaneThe South African banking sector has undergone a profound digital transformation due to rapid and continuous technological advancements. Being Africa’s largest economy, South Africa offers a unique context for examining the trajectory of digital banking and its ramifications for business and society. The emergence of new technologies has fundamentally changed how banks generate and deliver financial services. In particular, digitalisation has empowered banks to operate predominantly online with minimal physical branches, giving rise to novel intermediaries like peer-to-peer lending platforms and payment service providers. Despite the evident significance of digitalisation in the banking sector, its transformative effects raise concerns about financial inclusion and the security of customers’ confidential information. Additionally, while many customers embrace digital platforms, a considerable segment still values the human touch, especially for more intricate transactions. Against this background, this Research Report seeks to explore the impact of digitalisation on the bank/customer relationship. The research further evaluates how emerging technological innovations are creating novel sources of systemic risk which could in turn pose regulatory and policy challenges. The data for this research report was collected from amongst others, various pieces of relevant legislation, scholarly articles, case law, as well as reports from financial regulators and commentators. The research findings reveal that the technological advancements compel banks to change their operating models to meet customer demands. While this introduces challenges both the consumers and banks, effective implementation holds significant benefits for both partiesItem An intersectionality of race and ethnicity: the glass ceiling in the banking sector in Kenya and South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Genga, Cheryl Akinyi Margaret; Maier, ChristophEven though progress has been made in the Kenyan and South African banking sector, Black African women remain a minority in Top Executive leadership positions. Previous research on the “glass ceiling” focuses on Black African women as one homogenous group not acknowledging the diversity dimensions of Black African women from Africa. Invisible factors such as race and ethnicity have been stated to contribute to the glass ceiling in the banking sector, yet this has not been investigated making Black African women more invisible. This research primarily aims to provide an understanding of the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and career advancement of Black African women in the Kenyan and South African banking sector. This research further aims: to describe the obstacles that Black African women still face, to analyse the diversity of Black African women in management, to identify the reasons as to why some Black African women have been able to crack the glass ceiling in the Kenyan and South African banking sector and to give recommendations to stakeholders as to how they can help crack the glass ceiling for Black African women in the Kenyan and South African banking sector. To address the research objectives, this research applied a qualitative Intercatergorical Intersectionality Approach to provide an understanding of the relationship between race, ethnicity, and gender in the Kenyan and South African banking sector. This was facilitated by the use of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups that were carried out with the participantsbeing Black African women managers in the Kenyan and South African banking sector in Nairobi and Johannesburg, respectively. Data collected from the interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis in which themes and patterns were identified to address the research objectives. Firstly, findings from the research illustrated a relationship between race, ethnicity, and gender. The extent of the relationship between race, ethnicity, and gender was discussed by the role of race, the role of ethnicity, the intersectionality of race and gender, and the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and gender in the career advancement of Black African women in the Kenyan and South African banking sector. Secondly, the findings identified the obstacles that Black African women still face in the banking sector, which were discussed and described into three groups: Black African women are their own worst enemies in the banking sector. Thirdly, the findings illustrated the diversity dimensions of Black African women managers from the Kenyan and South African banking sector in relation to their race, ethnicity, and the positions that they held in the banks they were working for. Fourthly, the findings highlighted reasons as to why some Black African women managers had cracked the glass ceiling (discussed with the use of the glass ceiling scale). Fifthly, the findings recommend that stakeholders have to be fully committed if they want to help Black African women crack the glass ceiling in the Kenyan and South African banking sector. In conclusion, through the findings, this research provides a conceptual framework to understand the glass ceiling in relation to the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and gender of Black African women in the Kenyan and South African banking sectorItem The stablishment of staate-ownedcommercial bank and its impact on the South African economy(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Diza, ZandileThis study investigates firstly, the current financial inclusion landscape of South Africa, the gaps or rather the limitations that exist in the current banking system that require direct intervention of the government as well as how effective the role of the development financial institutions (DFIs) in the economic growth and development of South Africa and the challenges therein. Secondly, we investigate the need for the establishment of the state-owned bank, its clear mandates and objectives in the economic development of South AfricaItem A critical analysis of the vat apportionment method in the banking sector in South Africa(2018) Chitando, Makgolane KutlwanoValue-Added Tax (VAT) has the standing of being a fairly simple tax. Where vendors solely supply taxable goods and services, the VAT on expenditure acquired for the sole mandate of making taxable supplies may be recovered from the VAT imposed on their output. VAT is therefore a tax on the value added at every stage of production. Accordingly, the tax is levied on the value of the final product but is collected in small portions from each part in the supply chain. ―In the banking sector, consumers are not purchasing financial services from the bank, so there is no sale on which VAT must be imposed. This has resulted in the VAT exemption of financial transactions as it is difficult to define the value added of financial services‖. (Mirrlees et al 2011:196). The exemption of financial transactions raises a number of complicated issues for banks as there is a requirement to apportion input credits. This is common to all countries operating a VAT system, although the basis of apportionment differs. The intention of this research report is to draw a distinction between the taxing of financial services in South Africa compared to other countries. This research report will analyse the appropriateness of the apportionment method approved by SARS for the banking sector in light of the concept of direct attribution of costs. Through an analysis of the foreign treatment on the matter of VAT apportionment and the taxation of financial transactions, this study will seek to determine whether the taxation of financial transactions in the South African VAT System and the VAT apportionment method approved by SARS for the South African banking sector is consistent with international best practice