Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Masters)

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    The impact of ‘compensating’ women for hours of unpaid care work on household poverty
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Shedi, Olwethu; Benhura, Miracle
    Estimating the effect of ‘compensating’ women for unpaid care work on household poverty levels, we used Time Use Survey data for 2000 and 2010 to estimate time spent on unpaid care work, and Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series to estimate earnings for both 2000 and 2010. To achieve this, we used the Economy- wide Mean wage approach, the Opportunity Cost Average wage approach, and the Generalist wage approach. In line with literature, we confirm that, on average, women spend more time on unpaid care work than men do, and that women's average earnings are lower than that of men. We found that the estimated monthly ‘compensation’ does indeed reduce the level of household poverty. However, the Generalist wage approach compensation had the least impact on household poverty levels. Unpaid care work affects women all around the world. While some countries have made progress in recognizing, reducing, and redistributing unpaid care work, women continue to bear the brunt of the burden. Governments have a role to play in encouraging a more equitable distribution of unpaid household care duties. Flexible work hours and shared parental leave are two options for businesses to facilitate more equitable split of unpaid family care duties and assist women in achieving a better work/life balance.
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    Factors Affecting Blockchain Technology Adoption by Organizations in the Livestock Supply Chain Industry in Zimbabwe
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Tambudze, Pelagia; Isabirye, Naomi
    Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that provides the building block for many innovations. The distributed nature of blockchain, its immutability, and anonymity enable trust, transparency, and security among transacting or trading partners. The accelerated unfolding of 4IR due to the COVID- 19 pandemic recently unveiled several critical gaps within global supply chains, including livestock supply chains. The main challenges faced by organizations in the livestock supply industry in the developing world include difficulties for farmers in accessing new markets, no flexibility in production times, and no traceability for the consumer market to trace food component authenticity. In Zimbabwe, livestock is an important sector contributing about 22% of the total GDP. From several studies done by other researchers in different industries, such as health care, banking, mining, education, and agriculture, it is evident that blockchain technology solves most of these issues by decreasing data asymmetries and the cost of transactions to benefit all stakeholders. Blockchain-based solutions have recently been introduced to the livestock sector, and Zimbabwe is one of the early adopters among its African counterparts. However, the adoption rate by organizations within the livestock supply chain has been minimal. Using the lens of the TOE framework, this study investigated the factors that affect the decision by organizations in Zimbabwe's livestock supply chains to adopt blockchain technology. A qualitative approach was applied, interviewing fifteen informants from various levels of the livestock supply chain. Responses were analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that adopting blockchain benefits organizations and the overall livestock supply chain. The study found that technological, organizational, and environmental factors influenced organizations' decision to adopt blockchain technologies within livestock supply chains. These factors included availability of the technology, cost of the technology, skills availability, regulation and policies, competitive pressures, presence of blockchain providers, political and socio- economic factors and market trends.
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    Re-examining the effectiveness of monetary policy in achieving price stability and output growth in Botswana
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Tlhako, Kefilwe; Mahonye, Nyasha
    This study reassessed the effectiveness of Botswana's monetary policy, emphasizing its two main goals of maintaining price stability and promoting output growth. Output and inflation are our dependent variables, and they are proxied, respectively by mining and non-mining GDP and the consumer price index. We examined quarterly data from 2005 to 2022 using a Vector Error Correction model. Stationarity tests were conducted using both the ADF test and the Phillips-perron (PP-test), where both tests confirmed all variables to be stationary at levels except money supply which was stationary at first differences. Through the integration of macroeconomic factors like inflation, GDP, interest rates, exchange rates, money supply, and the bank rate, our goal is to offer a thorough comprehension of the relationship between monetary policy decisions and their consequences in the economy of Botswana, a small open economy that is prone to both internal and external shocks. By considering both internal and external elements that could have an impact on the framework's performance, our analysis provides light on how less effective Botswana's monetary policy framework has been over the studied period. The results from the study show that policy shocks have little effect on output growth and inflation. This is proven by the results of the VECM showing a significant impact of the bank rate on non-mining GDP only, while the other two variables; mining GDP and inflation proved that the bank rate does not impact them both in the short run and long run. The VAR decomposition also showed that at most 5% of the changes in our dependent variables are explained by the shocks on the bank rate. The results bring us to the conclusion that other external shocks, such as controlled prices and exchange rates, are the primary causes of inflation than it is driven by the bank rate. With respect to output, the results bring us to the conclusion that the mining sector is heavily influenced by global commodity prices, which are determined by international supply and demand dynamics, rather than domestic interest rates. So significant changes in the bank rate may not alter these global factors. Lastly the non- mining GDP is seen to respond to changes in the bank rate due to the interest rate sensitivity of the sector. The non-mining sector is made up of sectors such as manufacturing, services, retail etc, and these are very sensitive to changes in the interest rates as they rely mainly on short term borrowings for capital and investment. Therefore, changes in the bank rate quickly affect lending rates, consumer loans and business financing, leasing to more immediate economic impacts. Based on the above results, we therefore recommend that policy makers should diversify monetary policy tools and implement sector specific support for the mining industry and focus more on controlling external factors such as exchange rates. 4 Enhanced financial sector regulation and coordination with fiscal policy are also crucial. The employment of these measures can help stabilize the economy and improve the effectiveness of monetary policy, and ensure that non-mining sectors which are more sensitive to interest rates changes, benefit from targeted interventions. This holistic approach acknowledges the varying responsiveness of different sectors and the influence of global economic conditions.
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    Caregiver capabilities and socio-economic disparities in children’s health-related quality of life
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Turner, Georgia
    This study investigates the relationship between children’s health-related quality of life and the associated contextual factors. Furthermore, this study analyses the socio-economic disparities that exist amongst children and what particular social determinants of health are influencing their health and wellbeing. Using an OLS regression as well as the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, the results show how children with a lower socio-economic status experience a lower HRQOL as opposed to those with a higher socio-economic status. Furthermore, this paper reports new research on the association of caregiver’s capabilities and children’s HRQOL which represents an important explanation for children’s health-related quality of life. Caregivers’ capabilities are a set of tools that enables parents to manage work, life and parenting effectively. The results provide evidence how important these capabilities are as it contributes to a better health related quality of life in their children. The findings show how a higher socio-economic status is associated with better caregiver capabilities. This is an important finding in the South African context, as exorbitant social inequalities exist, and hence, improving adult capabilities could potentially result in not only aiding to narrow the socio-economic disparity gap, but also improving the overall quality and health of children. This also leads to the premise of a bi-directional association whereby improving caregivers’ socio-economic status may likely also improve their capabilities.
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    Pairs Trading via Unsupervised Learning on the JSE
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Laher, Muhammad; Seetharam, Yudhvir
    Pairs trading, a strategy that capitalises on temporary price discrepancies between two correlated assets, has garnered attention for its potential to generate profits in financial markets. This research explores the viability of employing unsupervised learning techniques for pairs trading on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Using clustering algorithms to identify pairs and considering both price data and firm characteristics, the study examines the performance of pairs trading portfolios constructed via different clustering methods. Empirical results reveal that while agglomerative clustering shows promise with the highest monthly mean return for long-short portfolios, none of the strategies consistently outperform benchmark indices. Furthermore, considering only momentum features in the clustering process leads to deteriorated portfolio performance, emphasizing the importance of incorporating firm characteristics. Despite the potential benefits offered by unsupervised learning, challenges such as the limited number of listed stocks and algorithm selection hinder the strategy's effectiveness on the JSE. The findings suggest that further research is needed to refine methodologies and address practical implementation challenges for pairs trading strategies in emerging markets like the JSE
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    A Queer Economic Study: Exploring the Economic and Social Burden of Discrimination Against Black Lesbians in Johannesburg
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Futshane, Vuyokazi; Dawson, Hannah; Francis, David
    This qualitative study explores the experiences of Black lesbians in Johannesburg, focusing on the intersections of their identity to understand the links between sexual orientation, discrimination, and the South African social and economic context. It examines the dynamics in the workplace and connects it to social relations outside of the workplace. Drawing upon intersectionality, this study reveals how race, class, gender, and sexual orientation do not operate independently but overlap simultaneously to shape Black lesbian’s experiences of discrimination. The findings highlight the varied nature of discrimination, ranging from subtle biases and microaggressions to overt forms of prejudice, and the strategic concealment of sexual orientation by some, a coping mechanism against potential biases. The study stresses the impacts of non-conformity of heteronormative expectations and underscores the importance of exploring queer economics to understand how identities intersect with socio-economic realities more comprehensively.
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    Original equipment manufacturers' perspectives of barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Kupa, Ramaabele Yolanda; Soko, Milford
    The introduction of EV’s to the automotive industry is not new, there is evidence that the first electric vehicle was developed more than three decades ago (Chege, 2021), however the pursuits of its development at the current moment have become increasingly aggressive due to some of the technological breakthroughs and environmental advantages it brings forth. The environmental degradation due to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions has become a global concern and mission to address. Automotive vehicles are amongst the highest contributors to these emissions. EV’s offer solutions to environmental degradation. Electric vehicles offer less noise pollution, smaller carbon footprint through the life cycle of the vehicle compared to their combustion engine counterparts. Furthermore, EV’s have challenged countries to rethink their energy distributions entirely. Due to the benefits EV’s bring forth, adoption has thus increased across the world over the years. Much of this increase in adoption numbers is owed to assistance offered by government and OEMs in the form of incentive schemes during the purchase phase and in ownership costs. There are however challenges which continue to hinder other countries from adopting electric vehicles, especially developing countries such as South Africa. This paper unpacks issues around the poor adoption of EV’s from an OEM’s perspective in South Africa. The seven local OEM’s stakeholders are some of the greatest enablers for the adoption. South Africa is known as the gateway to Africa through its diversified supply chain, it further houses the highest number of OEMs in Africa. Studies from the 2022 Delloitte’s consulting report shows that combustion engine vehicles are still leading in sales locally, and government’s focus is more on the export market (Deloitte , 2019). The EV market might be growing globally post Covid-19 throughout the world but local sales contribution is small. The study uses semi structured qualitative interviews conducted with 15 industry experts from different OEM’s, government, and academia. It then uses the TOE framework and literature from published papers and journals to unpack these findings. Issues which emerged from the analysis include lack of charging infrastructure, energy complexities with regards to an overloaded energy grid which cannot further support EV adoption or home charging. Other issues included government support with regards to regulations, enforcement and enabling policy development. Lack of public acceptance of EV’s due to high ownership costs such as import tax. Other issues noted include lack of incentives as compared to countries with leading EV sales. Product development issues such as batteries and driving range were noted. This study is aimed at enabling decision makers in the academic institutions, automotive OEMs, and government bodies on key topics that could promote EV sales locally if addressed. It further identifies the linkages and relationships of the issues. These recommendations made stand to benefit OEMs through improved sales which can drive production volumes and thus employment in the automotive industry. Future studies can be conducted to rank the identified issues for a more focused approach. They can also examine issues from a customer’s perspective, drawing on Insights from the business vs customer, or simply demand vs Supply
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    Is the Fed Hindering Development? Impacts of US interest rates on growth, income distribution and macroeconomic policy space in developing countries: a demand-led growth model
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Vaz, João Emboava; Hein, Eckhard; Lavoie, Marc; Tinel, Bruno
    The US Fed has responded to recent inflation pressures with the most rapid interest rate hike since the 1979-82 Volcker’s disinflation. The hike in the beginning of the 1980s was followed by harsh external crises in the developing world, especially in Latin America. The current situation adds tot that the role the US monetary policy plays on quickly shifting massive capital flows in a world of open and volatile capital accounts (Rey, 2015). On the other hand, interest rate levels remain low on historical levels and developing countries come from decades of relative growth and record international reserve accumulation. Following the recent development in external policy space debates, this thesis aims to understand how a deterioration of external conditions, especially through higher foreign interest rates, may impact growth, income distribution, and macroeconomic policy space in developing countries.
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    An analysis of transient and chronic multidimensional poverty in South Africa between 2008 and 2017
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Munzhelele, Tumelo
    This study derives a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for each wave using data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) between 2008 to 2017. The MPI is measured using the counting method of Alkire and Foster (2011). In addition, the duration approach of Foster (2009) is used to measure, depending on the MPI, whether households suffer multidimensional chronic or transient poverty. Furthermore, variables that increase a household's likelihood of experiencing chronic or transient multidimensional poverty as opposed to never experiencing multidimensional poverty are found using multinomial logit regression analysis. The results show that the MPI decreased from approximately 7% to 4% between 2008 and 2017. Additionally, the share of South African households which experienced multidimensional poverty decreased from approximately 15% to 10% between 2008 and 2017. However, the intensity of poverty has only decreased by two percentage points from 44% during the same period. This indicates that there has not been much progress in the number of dimensions in which poor households are deprived even as multidimensional poverty decreased. Years spent in school for adults living in the household and unemployment were the dimensions which contributed the most towards the MPI for households that were either chronically or transiently poor. Approximately 73% of households in South Africa never experienced Multidimensional Poverty between 2008 and 2017. Based on the specified deprivation score cut-off, between 1% and 13% of South African households were living in chronic multidimensional poverty. Transient multidimensional poverty affected more than 25% of South Africans. Notably, a higher portion of South Africa's multidimensional poverty is transitory in nature. Black households and female-headed households had the highest incidence of both chronic and transient multidimensional poverty. The multinomial logit model indicates that the likelihood of experiencing chronic or transient multidimensional poverty is higher among households led by individuals without formal education, those with an economically inactive head, and those based in rural areas.
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    The role of loyalty programmes on retail fuel site profitability in Gauteng
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Mtungwa, Muzi; Lamola, Medupi
    Loyalty programmes are one of a number of instruments used by businesses to retain existing customers, attract new customers and in the process retain them over a long term to sustain business profitability. They have been extensively investigated in the developed world with models developed to explain their role in customer retention. In the developing world, they are still being studied to understand if the models that have been developed in the developed world can be extended to the developing countries. Loyalty programmes were extended to the fuel retail industry in 2010 by First National Bank (FNB) and its oil partner, Engen Petroleum. The role of these programmes in the fuel retail industry and their correlation to profitability, whether positive or negative has received little attention from researchers. Here, the author reports on the correlation of these programmes to business profitability. The report shows that there is a positive correlation between these programmes and the profitability of an oil company, while at the same time the report supports the assertion by the non-loyalty programme oil companies that these programmes have a negative effect on their business. These non- loyalty programme oil companies which have a market share of less than 7 percent have been forced to exit the retail industry due to the introduction of these programmes by the major oil companies and their partners. The findings recommend that the role of these programmes in the fuel retail industry is further researched as the authourities do not allow for discounting of the retail price of petrol