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Item A brief history of Massospondylus: its discovery, historical taxonomy and redescription of the original syntype series(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-12) Barrett, Paul M; Chapelle, Kimberley EJMassospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 is one of the first dinosaurs to have been described from outside Europe and was based on material collected from what is now the upper Elliot Formation of the Free State province, South Africa. The species was included in various taxonomic reviews during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but no additional material was referred beyond the original syntype series and it remained poorly known. This was exacerbated by the destruction of the syntypes during World War II. From the 1970s onward, fieldwork in the upper Stormberg Group of South Africa, Lesotho and Zimbabwe led to the discovery of many new sauropodomorph dinosaur specimens that have been referred to the taxon (often uncritically) that have been used to shed further light on the anatomy, palaeobiology and biostratigraphical utility of Massospondylus carinatus. Here, we review the taxonomic history of this species, provide updated descriptions of the syntypes (based on surviving casts) and use apomorphies to identify these specimens more accurately.Item Revision and biostratigraphic implications of Thore Halle’s Permian plant fossils from the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-12) McLoughlin, Stephen; Prevec, Rose; Cariglino, Bárbara; Philippe, MarcThe Permian fossil plant assemblages from the Lafonia Group on the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands collected by Thore Gustav Halle on the 1907–1909 Swedish Expedition to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego are re-described and their systematic placement revised. Two species of sphenophytes based on foliage and one on axial remains are recognized. Eight morphotypes of Glossopteris are differentiated using more rigorously defined criteria than Halle’s original character sets. A single species each of cordaitaleans and conifers are recognized. The absence of ferns and lycophytes may indicate significant taphonomic filters on the composition of the plant assemblages. Re-assessment of the characters of the fossil woods and their nomenclatural and taxonomic problems suggests that only a single species is recognizable in the assemblage. Several of the wood and leaf species bear evidence of fungal degradation along with a broad array of arthropod herbivory and oviposition damage that add to the diversity of biotic interactions documented in the middle–high southern latitude Glossopterid Biome of the late Paleozoic. The ages of the various fossiliferous units on the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands remain equivocal, but similarities with chronostratigraphically constrained leaf assemblages from the Karoo Basin, South Africa, suggest that the Bay of Harbours Formation (uppermost unit of the Lafonia Group) is referable to the upper Guadalupian to lowermost Lopingian.Item Late Pleistocene vertebrate trace fossils of the Walker Bay Nature Reserve(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-12) Helm, Charles W.; Carr, Andrew S.; Cawthra, Hayley C.; De Vynck, Jan C.In the Walker Bay Nature Reserve, on South Africa’s Cape southwest coast, a suite of 25 Pleistocene ichnosites has been identified in aeolianite deposits. Dating from one site using optically stimulated luminescence indicates an age of 76 ± 5 ka. Highlights, indicating the global importance of the reserve, include a possible hominin tracksite and the first reported occurrence of fossil snake traces and tortoise tracks. The ichnological findings can be correlated with the substantial archaeological record from the nearby DieKelders Cave. Elephant tracks are reported from several sites, but are not present in the archaeological record, whereas the plentiful occurrence of burrow traces of appropriate size corroborates the body fossil record from archaeological deposits, in which the Cape dune molerat predominates. The protected nature of the region allows for opportunities for conservation and education. Photogrammetry represents a non-invasive means of preserving and replicating the ichnological findings.Item On the importance of using standardized anatomical terminology in palaeoanthropology: The missing StW 431 pubic body(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-09) VanSickle, Caroline; Zipfel, BernhardIn 1987, a partial right pubic bone, StW 431ef, was unearthed with hominin skeletal remains at Sterkfontein Cave, South Africa. It preserved the lateral portion of the superior pubic ramus, yet has been described in the literature as a “pubic body”. We confirmed that no medial pubic fragments were discovered with this fossil and sought to explain why it has been described this way. We found that international anatomical terminology guidelines for humans define the pubic body with medial elements, while veterinary guidelines associate it with the portion near the acetabulum We suggest that as a hominin, the StW 431ef pubis should be described based on the human standards, and is thus the lateral portion of a superior pubic ramus. This case illustrates the importance of palaeoanthropologists agreeing on which international standard to follow to ensure clarity and accuracy across disciplines and over time.Item A new middle Permian burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the South African Karoo filling a gap in the biarmosuchian record(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-09) Matlhaga, Fonda; Benoit, Julien; Rubidge, Bruce SBiarmosuchia, the most basal therapsid clade, is represented by relatively few specimens known from Permian deposits in Russia and southern Africa. In both the Guadalupian (middle Permian) and Lopingian (late Permian), biarmosuchians represent less than 1% of the fossil record at the specimen level. Here, we describe a new burnetiamorph biarmosuchian, Impumlophantsi boonstrai, based on a partial skull and associated postcrania from the upper Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. It is characterized by the presence of a low nasal crest with a unique morphology among burnetiamorphs. Inclusion of this taxon in an updated phylogenetic analysis of biarmosuchians indicates that this specimen is one of the most basal burnetiamorphs, representing the only record of this grade from the middle Permian.Item Cranial morphology of Jonkeria truculenta (Therapsida, Dinocephalia) and a taxonomic reassessment of the family Titanosuchidae(The Evolutionary Studies Institute, 2024-06) Jirah, Sifelani; Rubide, Bruce S; Abdala, FernandoTitanosuchidae are a group of herbivorous, long-snouted dinocephalians with definitive records known only from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Here, the taxonomy of this family is revised; of the nine species currently recognized, only two are found to be valid: Titanosuchus ferox and Jonkeria truculenta, which can be distinguished on the basis of appendicular proportions. Jonkeria boonstrai, J. haughtoni, J. ingens, J. parva, J. rossouwi, and J. vanderbyli are synonymized with Jonkeria truculenta, and J. koupensis is considered a nomen dubium (Titanosuchidae indet.). Several new cranial features are described for J. truculenta, such as pachyostosis of the prefrontals, postorbitals and parietals, and an ontogenetic series for the species is presented.