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Item A comparative analysis of the extent of investment banking In Africa versus other emerging markets(2020) Mphakathi, SolomonThis comparative study examines and explains investment banking levels in African emerging markets to the Asia Pacific counterparts. It examines how investment banking activities, especially the raising of capital, influence financial development. There is a paucity of studies conducted in these emerging markets to identify and contrast why their financial development levels are significantly different. African emerging markets appear to be lagging while the Asia Pacific emerging market economies are among the fastest-growing in the world. Finance theory underpins the framing of the study that demonstrates plausible relationship between financial development and economic growth. The methodological procedures followed a quantitative deductive approach through desktop and secondary data analysis to draw conclusions and make inferences. A multiple regression model was used to quantify the effects and extent to which investment banking contributes to financial development. GDP per capita and human development level relate positively to African countries' financial development level. The literature review also revealed some interesting and relevant facts about African economies and the challenges they face. Despite some marked growth in some African economies vis-a-vis others, important structural adjustments appear necessary prerequisites for enhancing Africa's financial and economic development more sustainably. Surprisingly, the empirical analysis identified no evidence of statistically significant relationship between the measure of level of investment banking (in this study) and financial development.Item A comparison of investor attractiveness of oil and gas exploration and production regulatory environments and fiscal regimes in South Africa and Mozambique(2022) Sigedle, AnelisaThe petroleum industry plays an important role both in South Africa (SA) and Mozambique’s economies. It is one of the most important sources of energy and the largest single commodity in international trade. This study aimed to explore and compare the fiscal policies of Mozambique and SA in respect of the attractiveness of the fiscal regime used to attract investment to South Africa as opposed to Mozambique. The study explored the evolution of policies in both countries. This was done by comparing the fiscal regimes using a hypothetical case model for both countries, which applied different tax rates and state participation in an oil field project. Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were used to evaluate the project success and how much the government or the contractor stands to make from the different fiscal regimes. The results showed that the project NPV is highest for the investor when the proposed Mineral Petroleum Resource Bill is applied than the current Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) and the Petroleum Law in Mozambique. The results also showed that the proposed fiscal regime in SA will decrease the NPV for the investor, which makes it less attractive. The study showed that increased state participation has a greater impact on changing the contractor’s NPV. If these two governments want to encourage investors to continue exploration in their countries, there should be a balance between the profit that companies make and the revenue that the governments can collect. Thus, the policy recommendation for SA includes having negotiable royalties that promote investment in exploration and increase resources in oil and gas.Item A conceptual framework for the South African fintech ecosystem(2021) Masangwana, VuyelwaThe term ‘ecosystem’ is synonymous with multi-company dynamic teamwork and a new way of organised economic activities. It is thus important to understand the modes of interaction among the heterogeneous actors in the ecosystem. Financial Technology (FinTech) became prominent after the financial crisis when the financial industry's role in economic growth became a global concern. Many FinTech companies were established by bankers who found themselves unemployed after the financial crisis and found creative ways to use their skills in financial services. The purpose of FinTech companies in the economy became pre-eminent due to their ability to reduce economic risks and costs through innovation. It also became clear that FinTech would benefit the financial system due to its efficiency in addressing transaction costs, information asymmetry and in addressing issues of taxation. No market player can afford to operate in a silo in the digital age, as collaboration and partnerships are more critical than ever. According to the IMF website (2020), South Africa is a dual economy and has one of the highest inequality levels worldwide. According to a Business Technology article published in 2019, there is still an untapped consumer opportunity, as there are nearly 1.2 billion people globally who do not have bank accounts. South Africa has a large unbanked or underbanked population, estimated to be about 11 million people. A healthy FinTech ecosystem will develop in South Africa if there is an improvement on barriers to entry and a better understanding of the consumer. The study aimed to establish whether the existing FinTech ecosystem models are suitable for the South African context and identify any discrepancies and similarities between developed and developing world FinTech ecosystem models. Qualitative research in the form of semi-structured interviews was conducted. The sample included 12 executives from South Africa who represented entrepreneurs and start-ups, policymakers and financial institutions. The sampling technique was purposive in nature, and it was chosen because of its convenience. The study found that an additional function of funding must be explicitly specified as a government role in the South African context. In addition, the study revealed that in the South African sense, customers must be segmented further to include the unbanked and underbanked market. There is no existing FinTech ecosystem model for South Africa, and this study has developed a model that suits developing countries, specifically South Africa. Finally, the study ii uncovered that incubation and mentorship are essential components of the FinTech ecosystem in South Africa. The study will assist policymakers and other FinTech ecosystem players to gain a better understanding of their roles and how they can contribute and collaborate to make the FinTech ecosystem a success. The study will also aid policymakers and FinTech companies to focus on consumers and help policymakers consider some of the frustrations that participants have raised about policies. It will further assist them in FinTech policy formulation and amendment of the existing or the creation of new policies and legislation.Item A creative business venture to promote youth development in townships(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Ngidi, Tebogo Lorna; Venter, RobertFrom the apartheid era up until the current state, unemployment has been a challenge in South Africa, especially amongst the young people in underprivileged townships (Hodge, 2009). To try and redress this, profit and non-profit sectors have undertaken a mixture of commercialised and social tasks to respond to changes that occur within the economic and social contexts (Social Enterprise Alliance , 2021). Such tasks include start-up businesses, interactive technologies and constantly evolving demographics that try to reach different aspects of life (Social Enterprise Alliance , 2021). It is through such convergences that social entrepreneurships were established. This social entrepreneurship project investigates whether a more creative business venture can assist with regards to promoting youth development in townships. According to Venter and Urban (2015), government support on its own is not enough to meet societal demands. This is more especially with regards to wicked problems that tend to be more complex to tackle due to its interlocked nature with other issues. Even though social entrepreneurship operates in diverse realms within the community, for the context of this research paper, this project investigates the introduction of newer and more creative business ventures within the Southwest Townships (SOWETO), a township that accommodates close to half of the Gauteng population. The report draws on the findings from reviewed literature and interviews with various stakeholders; entrepreneurs (both new and established), community support institutions and the local government.Item A customer communication application for organisations(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Netangaheni, Shumani; Horvey, Sylvester SenyoThe aim of this study was to investigate the need for an integrated communication application dedicated to service communication for organizations as well as to determine factors that users consider important for the adoption of a new communication mobile application system. This study is important to the building of an application where resources are constrained and need to be traded off. The growth of social media has seen a rise in the need for consumers to instantly want access to information that is of importance to them. It is for this reason that communication has become a commodity that organizations invest in to build stronger relationships with their customers. However, it is not always easy for organizations to get it right as the communication methods they rely on may not be efficient or cost effective. It is for this reason that theoretical work was consulted to determine a need for a central communication application which various organizations can plug into to publish messages when they have service failure or recovery. The literature advised of a need but for a different problem. Primary data was collected from respondents using a survey where respondents were asked if they would use an integrated mobile application dedicated to communication when their service providers have service failure and when the service has recoveredItem A series of experimental analyses into the Disposition Effect and its manifestations among South African investor teams(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Shandu, Philani; Alagidede, IhmotepIn behavioural finance literature, there is a significant amount of both empirical and experimental evidence to suggest that prior outcomes impact investment decisions through cognitive biases which most (if not all) human investors succumb to. Among the most pervasive of these biases is the disposition effect, which manifests as the tendency of the investor to sell winning stocks too soon and hold on to losing stocks for too long (Shefrin and Statman, 1985). Critically, the disposition effect is understood to lead to suboptimal portfolio returns (i.e., suboptimal levels of investor welfare). While there have been several studies in other emerging markets, studies remain few in Africa and do not address some of the important issues underpinning the intensity and nature of the disposition effect among African investors. This thesis responds to this gap by designing and analysing several field experiments which explore causal relationships between psycho-social, public health-related, and socio-political factors and the emergence, prevalence, and intensity of the disposition effect among South African university student investor teams participating in the 2019, 2020, and 2021 runs of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) Investment Challenge. The thesis is organised into three experimental studies, each speaking to specific theme/s that form the research’s core objective while employing unique data and sound econometric techniques known to be relevant to experimental analysis in finance studies. The first study in Chapter 2 of the thesis endeavours to determine (i) whether the disposition effect exists among South African investor teams, (ii) whether it is causally intensified by a set of psycho-social factors, and (iii) whether the disposition effect causally reduces investor welfare. Among the study’s main findings are that South African investor teams are susceptible to the disposition effect, and that their susceptibility to the bias causally attenuates their investor welfare. Furthermore, low female representation in an investor team is found to causally intensify the disposition effect, subsequently leading to a decrease in investor welfare. Using ii evidence from real-world observation, the study contributes to the literature on team gender diversity and investment decision-making, and – using Hofstede’s (2001) cultural dimensions – it offers a comprehensive account for how differences in culture may lead to differences in gender-related disposition effects across different nationalities. The study also introduces to the literature experimental evidence from the field that clearly demonstrates that – among South African investor teams – a causal relationship exists (i) between female representation and the disposition effect, and (ii) between the disposition effect and investor welfare.Item A theoretical analysis of how the enhancement of social media utilization can improve customer experience in South African retail banks(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2020) Rapitsi, LebohangPurpose: The banking industry has seen a rapid shift with the emergence of digital banks and non-direct competitors, as a result banks have responded with increased focus on the use of technology in efforts to defend market share. There is currently a lack of empirical evidence which relates to how the enhancement of social media usage by South African retail banks can improve customer experience. The purpose of this study is to examine empirical evidence to support the predictor effects of customer perception, service quality, customer satisfaction, with the aim of enhancing customer experience in retail banks by utilizing social media platforms. Design/Methodology/ Approach: The empirical study was of a quantitative nature, whereby factors pertaining to customer perceptions, service quality, customer satisfaction and customer experience were assessed accordingly. The sample consisted of 62 respondents from the various retail banks in South African. Various statistical tests were initiated in order to understand the relationships between the abovementioned variables. Findings: The results from the study indicate a positive relationship between customer satisfaction as a predictor of customer experience on social media platforms. The findings also suggest although there may be associations between service quality and customer perceptions with customer experience, they are however not significant. Implications: It is critical for retail banks to continue to seek innovative ways to improve customer experience. The benefit of utilizing social media platforms is that it allows for banks to establish valuable interactions with customers whilst leveraging information in order to understand the needs of their customersItem Access to finance by black-owned small and medium enterprises operating in the South African agro- processing sector(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Tjabadi, Jazzino; Mazonde, NomusaSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) make a meaningful contribution to economic growth, job creation and poverty alleviation. Despite this, there is a low creation and high failure rate of new small businesses in South Africa. Access to finance is considered the main contributing factor, particularly amongst black-owned SMEs. South Africa has identified agro-processing industry as a sector with high potential to spur growth and create jobs because of strong linkage with primary agriculture. Against this background, this study sought to investigate the factors that hinder access to finance by black-owned SMEs operating in the agro-processing sector in South Africa and explore other key factors that threaten their long-term survival. This research contributes to solutions aimed at addressing the root causes attributable to SMEs’ inability to access funding from the formal financial institutions and government agencies. Using qualitative research method, data was collected from black SME entrepreneurs through semi-structured, in-depth interviews and analysed using content analysis. Purposeful sampling was used to identify and select the participants. The insights gained from the research highlights that black-owned SMEs are severely impacted by funding and market access issues, amongst others. The findings revealed that black SME entrepreneurs prefer to use own capital and/or funds from family and friends to start and grow their businesses. Complex processes, unsuitable financial products, high interest rates, unfavourable repayment terms and favouritism in government schemes were found to be amongst the key factors that discourage SMEs from applying for formal institutional finance. Other factors such as limited access to information about available funding sources and access to market opportunities significantly influence the long-term success of black- owned SMEs. To develop a sustainable, long-term financing model for SMEs, it is recommended that government, in partnership with the private financial institutions, establish a small business financing institution for SMEs in the agro-processing industry. To avoid the major deficiencies plaguing the existing government schemes, this should be a private, stand-alone entity funded by the government and private financial sector. The new institution should introduce new, innovative financing solutions that are tailored for start-up and early-stage SMEs.Item The activation of individual customer intimacy towards a financial organisation through personalised marketing in South Africa(2021) Visagie, MarnéSouth African financial organisations face challenges to emotionally connect with a diverse, financially vulnerable consumer market. It is well-researched that building customer value drives growth and profitability. This study explores the concept of customer intimacy – a value discipline presented by Treacy and Wiersema (1993) – as a marketing strategy focused on perceptions of value to create, communicate and deliver emotional experiences. It investigates personalisation as the leveraged customer information and one-to-one customer relationship to individually target and activate a customer’s feelings of intimacy during digital interactions. In this context, when a customer feels understood and appreciated, they experience intimacy, a warm feeling, or a sense of belonging. Social connections might draw attention, motivate engagement, and positively influence attitudes and behaviours to build emotional connections. A neuromarketing experiment observed the personalised experience and intimacy effect to predict an emotional connection. Adapting to remote research during the Covid-19 pandemic required three instruments: facial coding, an interview, and a survey. Two groups were selected; existing clients (emotionally connected) and non-clients (not connected). They joined an online video meeting to interact with two different email communications. Recorded emotional responses were analysed with facial expression software, themes, and statistics. Results reveal a positive relationship: personalisation as an intimate experience is significant in predicting the customer’s attitude towards the organisation. The two critical intimacy influencers are the accuracy of the organisation’s customer knowledge and the quality of the financial adviser relationship. Two surprising findings were extracted; the emotionally connected responded insignificantly, while non-clients reacted significantly. Also, the customer knowledge an adviser holds might have an adverse effect on the experience. Findings suggest that personalisation and multiple intimate interactions support the activation of an emotional connection. Implementing and activating individual customer intimacy requires individual targeting, close relationships, and personalised marketing campaignsItem The adoption of intelligent robot automation by auditors within South Africa(2021) Naidoo, EvaashanTo automate, or not to automate, that is the question? The use of disruptive technologies has changed, and in many instances, has replaced traditional business operations and models. The auditing profession has been burdened with high costs and reputational damage as a result of false results due to a high dependency on manual tasks that are susceptible to errors or manipulation. The use of robots to help minimise these errors, achieve efficiencies and reduce costs, provides a convincing theoretical case to automate. The objective of this research is to apply the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to understand the views of audit professionals determine the factors that would influence organisations to use robot technology for performing audits in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative approach, where a survey questionnaire consisting of 39 questions, aligned with the UTAUT model, was used to gather data. The sample comprised 59 auditors and 26 non-auditors who were involved in audits performed in South Africa. The non-auditors comprised of a Chief Information Officer, Finance Managers, Heads of Product, and various Senior Risk Management Professionals. A purposive sampling technique was used to select individuals who had an understanding of the capabilities of robots, and the potential use of robots to support business operations. The results of the study highlighted that performance expectancy and facilitating conditions were the key factors that influenced the adoption of robots in audits. Auditors and clients were more likely to use robots if they felt it would improve their performance. The respondents were more likely to use robots if it enabled the quicker completion of tasks, reduced errors, increased the number of tasks that could be completed and delivered better value than manual processes. The study also highlighted that sufficient investment and management support would be provided to ensure that an enabling environment is established for using robots to perform audit tasks. This would include acquiring management support as well as finding hardware, software, and skills to support the robotics development initiatives. The study provides more insight on how leaders and management in the auditing field can use insights attained through this study to successfully influence and support the use of robots to perform audits. Furthermore, the study contributes to an increased used of robotics in auditing which could improve the quality and efficiency of the auditor’s work. The study contributes towards the body of knowledge in the accounting and robot fields of studyItem Afrocentric leadership coaching among Shona men in Zimbabwe(2020) Mhlanga, Brian NdabaningiThis study looks at the need for an African approach to leadership coaching. It aims to contribute towards a leadership coaching model that is Afrocentric or is framed around the African concept of “Ubuntu”. Leadership coaching is a profession that is widely practiced and yet has limited scientific theory. Practitioners on the African continent rely heavily on the Eurocentric philosophical approaches to leadership coaching without taking cognizance of cultural considerations among other things. Using the social identity theory, and a case study of Zimbabwe Shona male executives will be conducted on selected Shona cultural aspects on leadership and how gender, spirituality, socioeconomic and political factors have impacted on leadership coaching. The tools used for data collection included observations and interviews (semi-structured face-to-face). The target population comprised eight Shona male executives and four leadership coaches working in the provinces of Mashonaland East and West, Harare and Midlands, Zimbabwe. Data collected for this study is qualitative and was interpreted using QSRNVIVO in uncovering emerging themes, patterns and insights. The findings of the study reveal that the Shona traditional ways of healing are appropriate and can be integrated into western and modern leadership coaching. The study also established coaching in Zimbabwe among Shona men is perceived to be a western leadership development tool and fails to embrace African spiritual consciousness sufficiently. The study gives an understanding of how Shona men understand and experience leadership mastery revealing the need to accommodate some of the Shona aspects of culture to leadership coaching. Insights from this exploration will contribute towards the formulation of an Ubuntu Leadership Coaching model that could add value to leadership coaching not only in Zimbabwe but potentially across the continent.Item Alternative finance: definition, sources and implications for the financial sector(2020) Chabaya, BothwellThe research will seek to highlight the sources of alternative finance and in the same vain highlight the structural problems of ‘’tainted intermediation’’ brought about as a result of the rise of Alternative Finance. It seeks to introduce a framework for regulatory thinking and approach in response to the emergence of alternative finance especially given that it is a new and developing phenomenon. The research will assist with further studies in the area of financial inclusion in the emerging economies as a result of alternative finance as well as the role and impact of alternative finance in the democratization of the financial sector. The study seeks to contribute in highlighting the main sources of alternative finances from the different types offered in the financial sector. It goes further to explore whether these sources of alternative finance result in reintermediation or disintermediation 15 answering the questions of who and what the intermediator is because of alternative finance. This exploration would highlight the problem of ‘’tainted intermediary’’, as well as lead to an introduction of how regulators and policymakers should frame their thought process and approach in the development of regulation governing the operations of new and alternative finance. Because alternative finance is a new and developing phenomenon the study will assist in further study of the area by the academic community from insights provided.Item An analysis of the effect of systematic risk factors on returns of the South African banking sector(University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Malatji, Tumiso Chris; Chakamera, ChengeteUnderstanding the risk-return relationship is vital to effectively allocate assets based on investors’ risk tolerances and return requirements. To achieve this, it becomes a peerless need to effectively manage investors’ exposure given the macroeconomic environment in which their investments operate. Addressing this will ensure a more comprehensive understanding of macroeconomic risk in the process of generating returns. This research seeks to understand the nature of the relation of systematic risk factors on the returns of the South African banking sector while also establishing what the combined impact of the risk factors is. Additionally, this research paper aims to demonstrate the existence, or lack thereof, of a long-term linkage between sectoral banking returns in South Africa and the macroeconomic risk factors. In addressing the first research objective, the OLS regression is applied. The PCA is used to create the composite index of the risk factors. To establish the existence of a long run link, ARDL test was performed. Of the eight risk factors used in this paper, only three were found to be statistically significant. The JSE ALSI was discovered to be positively related to banking returns while the gold price and rates of interest were surmised to be adversely correlated to returns. Nevertheless, the combined effect of the systematic risk variables was significant in describing the returns of the South African banking sector. Moreover, this research paper established the existence of a long-term linkage between the macroeconomic risk parameters and South African banking sectoral returns. The results of this research report deduce that careful assessment of banking sector exposure must be conducted given the macroeconomic environment movements in which banks operate. This will ensure that necessary adjustments, from Tactical Asset Allocation and Strategic Asset Allocation perspectives, are made so that risk budgets are not exceeded while pursuing returns.Item An analysis of the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility in the mining sector: a comparative study of South Africa and Zimbabwe mining companies(2020) Mandevere, MelodyOver the past years, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has received increased attention from the corporate world and international organisations. There has been a call for an Africanised CSR agenda based on the African context since CSR activities being undertaken in developing countries do not address the root cause of poverty and fail to improve relations with local communities. There is concern over the sustainability of the CSR projects undertaken by mining companies in Zimbabwe and the motives behind CSR activities aimed at benefitting the mining companies’ shareholders and less on the community where they operate. CSR projects in Zimbabwe differ to that of South Africa although the companies are subsidiaries. This comparative study between Zimbabwe and South Africa’s mining sectors has been carried out to analyse the effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility activities. The study followed the interpretivism philosophy and the qualitative research design with multiple case studies in the two countries. The target population for the research were two companies with branches in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Hence four mines were chosen, two in Zimbabwe and two in South Africa. A total of 22 respondents were purposively selected consisting of community representatives, mining company representatives, non-governmental stakeholders and governmental stakeholders. Data was triangulated by integrating semi-structured interviews and secondary documents. The findings indicated that in South Africa there is more stakeholder inclusion and ownership of the CSR projects as compared to Zimbabwe. This is more attributed to the nature of the South African legislation on CSR that encourages stakeholder inclusion. The stakeholder inclusion and ownership contributes to project sustainability which then leads to effectiveness of CSR. The research also concluded that an Africanised CSR agenda should prioritize legal iii issues over others. This means African countries need to attend to their legislation so that CSR is mandatory with ‘social impact’ as the driving force. The study contributes to the CSR literature specifically as a comparative study between African countries. This is one of the few empirical studies that compare CSR in neighbouring developing countries. Moreover, the study also addresses whether there is a need for a more Africanised CSR to address the social challenges and understand the effectiveness of the Africanised CSR agenda leading to sustainable developmentItem An analysis of the execution of digital transformation strategy in a large petrochemical organisation in South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Billett, Leelind Timothy; Fanny, SarucheraThis research paper explored the implementation of digital transformation strategies in a South African petrochemical organization, focusing on the challenges, facilitators, and best practices for successful execution. The study sought to identify common pitfalls in digital transformation success, and solutions to overcome such. The methodology used in this study, which involved qualitative interviews with relevant stakeholders, was deemed appropriate for exploring the subjective experiences and perspectives of the interviewees on strategy execution. A sample population of 12 interview candidates were identified for their expertise and experience in digital transformation and digitisation implementations. The specific population of senior management and digital consultants responsible for interpreting digital transformation strategies was considered relevant and provides a targeted focus for the research objectives. A qualitative analysis tool Atlas. ti (Version 22) was used to analyse the data and derive codes and themes, which formed the basis of the findings and recommendations made in the research paper. The study revealed the importance of strategy execution in the petrochemical industry and identified key barriers and facilitative factors, which included end-user buy-in, resource allocation and executive support factors. The findings of this study reiterated the need for tailored strategies and approaches to implementation, as well as the importance of end-user buy-in and change management. Building on the insights gathered from the research, this paper proposed a framework for successful digital transformation execution, consisting of six interrelated factors: organisational approach, end-user buy-in, tailormade solutions, innovation, experimentation, and change management. The framework could guide organisations in executing their digital transformation goals more efficiently and effectively, taking into account the unique context and challenges faced by the petrochemical industry in South Africa. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of effective strategy execution in digital transformation initiatives, particularly in the petrochemical industry in South Africa. The proposed framework offers a practical guide for organizations seeking to achieve their digital transformation goals while contributing to the broader conversation around digital transformation strategy and executionItem An Assessment of the Business Innovation Model Strategy used to enhance information technology by ABSA(University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Sidali, Nozi; Pellissie, ReneThe purpose of this research was to provide an analysis and understanding of how ABSA bank dealt with inertia, resistance to change and managed to have a low risk tolerance during the implementation and adoption of their revised business model where transformation attempts sometimes do not achieve the expected objectives. For this astudy, the researcher used ABSA bank’s Information Technology Strategy with the requirements and characteristics of a business model innovation and outlined the primary innovation enablers that assisted the bank becoming a digitally powered business amongst its competitors in South Africa (SA). In South Africa, the topic of innovation, digitalisation and digitising banks has always been an ever-present agenda item for the banking sector. However, before the recent Covid -19 pandemic, these topics were still in their infancy in most banks. They have challenged the traditional old-age business models within many organisations. This study will assess ABSA bank’s Information Technology Strategy as a business model, relate it to the industry- used business models, determine if it complies with the requirements and characteristics of a business model innovation, and determine to what extent the relationship is. Listed on the JSE, ABSA is a proudly pan-African bank with a geographical footprint in 13 countries such as (Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) and prides themselves on diversity, also having entities in the United Kingdom, the United States as well an IT specialist office in the Czech Republic (ABSA, 2022). For this study, the researcher applied a intepretivism research paradigm to analyse and understand ABSA’s information technology strategy and business model, the itertia and how the bank managed to have a low risk tolerance during its implementation and adotion. A random sampling method was used to select the twelve participants to collect data for this study and ensure a fair diversity regarding ethnicity, job roles, job grade, gender and employee tenure within ABSA. A highlight from the findings of this research suggests with no doubt, ix digital transformation, the importance of innovating a business model and its benefits are a vehicle that could assist organisations to stand out from their competitors, gain more revenue and upscale. The analysis of this ABSA case and benchmarking the researcher did during this study states that it takes a few iterations of innovation before successfully innovating a business model for any organisation. When done right, this research suggests that innovating business models for organisations can be the most powerful tool for any businessItem An Employee Perspective of Digital Adoption in a South African Bank(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Benjamin ,Jeremiah Joseph; Gobind, JenikaThis qualitative study aims to explore the factors influencing the adoption of digital technology by employees at a South African Bank. Traditional banks are being compelled to transform their ageing technology infrastructure and ways of working in order to remain competitive in the modern economy. This requires significant investment in the development and implementation of digital technology to be used by their employees. The adoption of technology by employees is necessary for banks to achieve their operational efficiency, customer experience, and performance growth objectivesItem An evaluation of the needs of the targeted public for the growth of Intravenous Vitamin Therapy Business in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Aphane, AkhonaThe Intravenous Vitamin (IV) Emporium is a medical spa that offers a range of IV and mineral infusion therapy. Each IV drip, packed with a combination of vitamins, minerals anti-oxidants and electrolytes, and is specifically formulated to maximise overall health, performance and general well-being. In East London, there seems to be a lack of adequate resources and management for the proper administration of IV therapy and it is observed that there is no development plan in place for the integration of IV therapy in the healthcare. All these factors provokes the need for IV therapy to be implemented for the promotion of efficient intake of vitamins for the public and patients who are unable to take the nutrients orally or for their health and lifestyle needs. It is therefore against this background that this business venture proposal aims to develop and expand on the concept of the IV therapy business in East London to ensure accessibility to an alternative of oral ingestion of vitamins. Using an inductive approach, qualitative data was collected from the recent and relevant primary research articles. The business venture proposal utilised the medium of the secondary qualitative research design, to extract substantial amounts of data from various prevailing sources. The study forwarded that benefits of Vitamin therapies are huge if compared to their costs and effort of preparation. Vast literature have also proved the importance of the vitamin therapy business in East London and the Eastern Cape. However, the amount and dose of administration of Vitamin therapy should be carefully evaluated depending on the age, medical history and medical condition of the patient. The study recommended that health practitioners should work along with researchers and nutritionists to design the vitamin therapy regimes for the local population to elevate the general public health standards and reduce the deficiency of vitamins in the local population of East London and Eastern CapeItem An examination of the performance of hedge funds in South Africa(2021) Makhubela, RomeoThis study examines the hedge fund industry's performance in South Africa from 31 March 2015 to 31 March 2020. The period under review is significant as the hedge fund industry was first regulated and monitored from 2015 onwards. The industry has been seen by critics and other stakeholders as greedy, corrupt, and charging outrageous investor fees. Since the global financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent recession, the hedge fund industry has underperformed its respective benchmarks on average. The study seeks to analyse the hedge fund strategies' performance in South Africa against their benchmarks for a 5-year monthly period starting March 2015 to March 2020 against traditional investment products' benchmarks such as the All-Share, SWIX SA, and All bond Index. The exercise aims to establish whether investors are adequately compensated for their fees against these products' risks and returns. Another critical factor in our analysis is to determine whether or not the industry performance has been persistent. Persistency of Performance is tested using different statistical methodologies such as Cross Product Ratio (CPR) Test, Chi-Square Test, Cross-Sectional Regression (CSR) Test and, Binomial Test to understand whether skill or luck is a factor in analysing the performance of managersItem An exploratory study on digital payments on B2B vehicle fleet expenses: A South African perspective(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Thomas, Justin NicholasManaging vehicle fleet expenses is crucial for businesses worldwide, as they significantly impact profitability. In this research study, we investigate the realm of digital fleet payments, covering aspects of fleet management and digital payment adoption. Our findings shed light on the prevailing practices and provide valuable insights to enhance existing research. Fleet expenses, including fuel, tolls, and repairs, rank among the top costs for companies, often comprising up to 60% of operational expenditure. Effective fleet management is vital to control costs and maximise profitability. While transport-focused businesses typically have dedicated fleet management resources, non-transport-focused companies often rely on outsourcing fleet solutions. These solutions encompass various services beyond telematics devices, assisting in cost control, driver management, and vehicle performance optimisation. Key players in the industry include banking institutions, insurance companies, telematics providers, vehicle manufacturers, oil companies, and data analytics firms. Fuel and repair costs alone constitute 35% of the total cost of owning a vehicle fleet, making cost management a crucial aspect of remaining competitive. For many businesses, fleet-related expenses, such as fuel, tolls, and maintenance, account for approximately 50% of operational costs. Ensuring comprehensive cost visibility and appropriate management has become an imperative business goal. To conduct this research, we conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with a sample group of eight participants, consisting of CEOs, executives, senior managers, and industry experts in digital fleet payments in South Africa. Our findings revealed that fleet cards, still utilising magstripe technology, are the primary digital payment mechanism businesses in South Africa employ. However, the market is evolving with the emergence of safer options, such as contactless payments and EMV (encrypted chip and pin). Digital fleet payment solutions offer numerous advantages, including simplicity, spending control, billing consolidation, and fuel and maintenance information access. However, obstacles like the outdated three-party paradigm, limited international transaction utility, and credit restrictions for Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) hinder the adoption of digital fleet management systems. Security concerns, including fraud and fuel theft, also pose iii challenges. Despite these obstacles, digital fleet payments have shown the potential to enhance B2B fleet management through improved efficiency, cost reduction, and innovative solution