Electronic Theses and Dissertations (PhDs)

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A theory of virtual culture formation
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021) Chitondo, Margaret Zvobgo; Carmichael, Terri
This research focused on the formation of organisational culture in virtual work teams that exist within the context of a virtual organisation. The concept of organisational culture has been studied since the late 1970s in traditional work contexts. Several studies have subsequently been carried out on the factors influencing and the processes involved in the formation of culture within the context of traditional brick and mortar workplaces. This study focused on the formation of culture in virtual organisations, which have become commonplace in the 21st century and whose key characteristics are technological enablement as well as geographic and spatial distribution. A sensitising literature review was presented to locate the study within the current discourse of organisational culture, process theory and virtual work teams within virtual organisations. A constructivist grounded theory study was carried out to investigate the phenomenon of culture formation in virtual organisations using respondents who were at the time working as part of a virtual team within a virtual organisation. Data from 18 interviewed participants and five sets of archival records were collected and analysed theoretically. The results of the study were integrated with extant literature to find that organisational culture within virtual contexts developed through managing the core theme of virtuality and by dealing with virtuality while maintaining organisational effectiveness and managing interpersonal relationships. The findings from this research are expected to inform stakeholders so that they may better anticipate, facilitate and r respond to organisational culture development within a virtual organisation context.
Making Sense of Employee Ownership: An Institutional Logics Perspective
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Murray, Tessa-Ann; Carmichael, Terri; Luiz, John
This grounded theory study explored the perspectives, attitudes and behaviours of individual employee-owners within organisations that had implemented share- ownership schemes as a mechanism to address the persistently elevated levels of inequality in South Africa. The study articulates how employee-owners make sense of their dual roles as employee and owner of the organisation, and how they integrate ownership into their work experience. While the motivation for implementing employee-ownership schemes may often be aligned with shareholder capitalism, increasing awareness of the alternative of stakeholder capitalism to address inequality highlights employee ownership as a way of including employees in financial participation and decision-making in the workplace. Implementing employee ownership provides an opportunity for organisations to balance and meet their financial and social commitments. The grounded theory approach utilised in-depth interview data from 18 individuals from previously disadvantaged population groups. The key findings of the study indicated that the assimilation of employee ownership is an individual, temporal, situational process that comprises progressive levels of integration. During this process, the orientations of management and employee- owners towards employee ownership influence the individual’s momentary readiness to integrate ownership into their work experience. An institutional logics interpretation of the findings revealed the influence of macro-, meso- and micro-contexts on how employee-owners perceive management’s orientation towards employee ownership and their own perceptions and expectations of inclusion as employee-owners in the workplace. As its theoretical contribution, the study clarifies the individual’s integration of ownership and proposes a model for the integration of ownership into the work experience of the collective of employee-owners over time and the institutionalisation of employee ownership in the workplace.
The intersectionality of social generations, locale, and race, in diversity management in South Africa
(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Nayager, Kesagee; Carmichael, Terri
This qualitative case study explores the intersectionality of social generations (known as cohorts), locale (space and place), and race, how it may influence intra-generational differences in South Africa, and the meanings that intra- generational differences may have for diversity management studies. Whilst intersectionality studies commonly focus on the intersecting of social categories such as race and gender, little is known about the intersectionality of social generations, race, and locale (space and place) in the workspace in South Africa and about intra-generational differences and the meanings it may have for studies on diversity management. Whereas the literature on the phenomenon of social generations tends to portray social generations as homogenous and as defined in the American context, this study contributes to studies on local social generations by examining how intra-generational differences may be facilitated when race, locale (space and place), and social generations intersect. The seminal theory of generations defines locale in terms of space only. By expanding on the definition of locale to include both space (a physical setting) and place (the ambience created when space is socially engineered), this study explores the Black and White lived experiences of social generations, space, and place in the workspace. A dual case study design was used, and 60 face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with Black and White employees who were purposively selected from the three social generations (Generation X, Generation Y, and Baby Boomer) working at Bombela and the Gautrain Management Agency. The research findings were thematically analysed to explore how Black and White South Africans from each social generation experience spaces and places in present-day South Africa. The analysis revealed that, in the workspace, Black and White South Africans from different social generations have a shared experience of space but varied experiences of place. Black participants from the Generation Y social generation described their financial burden of caring for extended family members who have been historically disadvantaged by the Apartheid regime in South Africa, terming it a “Black tax” from which, they say, their White counterparts are exempt. White participants from this same social generation described their guilt and remorse for the historical system of Apartheid. They spoke of the emotional burden that they carry for it caused by their Whiteness. The study coins these different Black and White social experiences as the perceived ‘financial and socio- political costs of being Black in post-Apartheid South Africa’ and the perceived ‘socio-political cost of being White in post-Apartheid South Africa’. As a contribution to diversity management studies, the study introduces the term ‘placial planning’, which entails socially re-engineering the ambience in the workplace so that Black and White South Africans from different social generations have similar experiences of place in the workplace

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Browsing Electronic Theses and Dissertations (PhDs) by Author "Carmichael, Terri"

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