Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Masters)

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Browsing Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Masters) by Author "Kinnaird, Judith"

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    Exploration Geology of Structurally Controlled Sediment-Hosted Gold Mineralization at Kasenseli, Northwestern Zambia
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-10) Mulenga, Kapalakasha; Kinnaird, Judith; Nex, Paul
    Occurrences of economic quantities of gold within the Roan and Nguba groups of the Katanga sedimentary units are not a common phenomenon. This is a new area of exploration for gold, and very little exploration work has been done to act as a guide in such a geological environment. More common are post-Nguba unit or Kundelungu group related gold occurrences which respectively occur around the Kasempa and Mumbwa areas and these are related to the Hook granite as well as the major shear zones that traverse these areas. The study area lies within the Lufilian Arc Fold and Thrust Belt and is located on the western end of the external fold and thrust zone which is part of the western extension of the Zambian Copperbelt. The area covering Mwinilunga is subdivided into four terranes based on regional structural features and metamorphism. The four terranes are; the Kasai Shield, the Kabompo Dome, the Western Foreland and the Lufilian Arc. Four main units that are present within the study area include the Roan member shale unit, the arkosic sandstone and its related sub-units which occur as lenses within this main unit, the Grand Conglomerat marker unit (diamitite), and the Nguba member shale which is interbedded with siltstone in some zones. Based on the contact relationship of the units to Grand Conglomerat marker unit, the oldest unit within the study area is the Roan shale unit (which could be of Mwashya age or older), followed by the arkosic sandstone, the diamictite unit which is the Grand Conglomérat marker unit and finally the Nguba shale. Polished thin section and mineral liberation analysis was undertaken on most of these units. Among the notable features of the stratigraphy in the area is the presence of a redox boundary between the pinkish-grey coarser arkosic sandstone unit (oxidising facies) and the greenish-grey clast-poor diamictite (reducing facies) where richer pockets of gold mineralisation have been observed. Gold mineralisation has been mainly observed to be hosted in the clast-poor diamictite mostly in the alteration halo which forms around the arkosic sandstone-quartz vein-diamictite contact. Further away from this contact and away from other related structures such as faults, veins and folds, mineralisation gradually diminishes. Gold mineralisation in this area shows a strong correlation to copper with the high- grade zones having elevated copper mineralisation both in the mineralised zone and in the residual soils. On a district scale, the study area and its surroundings are extensively folded and faulted, and the area has undergone episodic deformation resulting in the development of various structures. Among the notable structures within the study which are relatable to the Lufilian Arc Fold and Thrust Belt (LAFTB) on district to regional scale include folding, shear faulting, normal faulting, and the development of joints. The structural aspect plays a critical role with regards to the location of mineralisation. Observed structural features which were critical as pathways and deposition site of uriferous/mineralised fluids include first order folding with a NNE – SW oriented axial trace as well as first order NE – SW oriented shear faults and shear zone, the second order NW – SE oriented faults and veins which are the structures that host the mineralisation, and the NW – SE oriented (axial trace) folding where saddle-reef hosted mineralisation has been observed within the study. The physiochemical redox boundary between the Nguba member diamictite (reducing facies) and pre-Nguba arkosic sandstone (oxidised facies) played a critical role in the location of the mineralisation in the area. One thousand six-hundred and fifty (1650) soil samples were collected from the entire study area which covers a surface area of about 13 square km. Analysis and interpretation of soil assays showed that only copper may reliably be used as pathfinder in the exploration for gold mineralisation and/or deposits particularly in Nguba group member units. In addition, based on stratigraphic correlation, the possibility of Kamoa-style copper mineralisation has been suggested.