Sleep disturbances in HIV infection and their biological basis
Date
2021-11-20
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV
(PLWH). However, a direct consequence of higher survival is the development of ageing-related comorbidities that have considerable potential to affect quality of life. Sleep disturbances in PLWH are a
significant source of morbidity. A meta-analysis has estimated the prevalence of self-reported sleep
disturbances in PLWH to be 58%, with commonly identified disturbances including insomnia, obstructive
sleep apnoea and poor sleep quality. Not only do sleep disturbances impair daytime functioning, but
chronic sleep disruption also associates with metabolic dysregulation and cardiometabolic disease.
Therefore, an understanding of the pathogenesis of sleep disturbances in PLWH is important for reducing
morbidity and improving quality of life. Several pathophysiological processes in HIV infection may cause
sleep-wake dysregulation. In early infection stages, immunological changes such as expression of sleeppromoting cytokines could mediate sleep disturbances. Long term, chronic immune activation, in
addition to side effects of antiretroviral therapy, may impact sleep homeostasis more severely, for
example through increasing the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea. These sleep disturbances may further
contribute to an inflammatory state, due to the bi-directional relationship between sleep and immunity.
In summary, further elucidating the link between HIV, immune activation, and sleep is an underexplored
avenue for minimising population morbidity and mortality
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Keywords
Antiretroviral treatment Cellular immunity Dopamine Global health Glutamate HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders Humoral immunity Human immunodeficiency virus