Personal occupational exposure to total welding fume
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Date
2016
Authors
Seleme, Dave Pooke
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Abstract
Background: The primary route of occupational exposure to total welding fume is through
inhalation. Recurrent and prolonged inhalation via occupational exposure to total welding
fume at concentrations above the 5 mg/m3 is likely to cause pulmonary and respiratory
diseases, such as metal fume fever, chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, manganese
poisoning and arc welder’s siderosis. The severity of the personal occupational exposure to
total fume is determined by a number of factors which entail the composition of the welding
electrode, welding base, the type of welding, the surface coating of the welding base,
welder’s positioning and the effectiveness of existing control measures.
Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to determine if employees were overexposed to
total welding fumes during Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding operations in a workshop
environment of a large coal-fired power generating utility from August to September 2011,
in the Free State province of SA. The specific objectives for this study were:
· To describe personal occupational exposure to total welding fume;
· To compare personal occupational exposure to total welding fume to the
Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of 5 mg/m3.
· To identify the most exposed occupations
Methodology: This employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design. This study was
conducted in a workshop in the Free State province of South Africa (SA), during MMA
welding operations spanning August to September 2011. The personal dust samples of
total welding fume were collected in strict accordance with Part 1 of International Standards
Organization (ISO) 10882 of 2001 and were compared to the SA OEL of 5 mg/m3. The
personal dust samples of total welding fume were collected by a sampling train which
consisted of constant battery operated sampling pump, flexible tubing, open-face cassette,
37 mm mixed cellulose acetate filter. The assembled and calibrated sampling trains were
positioned inside the welding helmets of the employees within the breathing zone during
data collection. Data was analysed by means of gravimetric weighing followed by
determination of personal occupational exposure concentrations by standard calculations.
Results: Fifty samples of personal occupational exposure to total welding fume were
collected. Two samples exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 5 mg/m3. The sum of
the personal occupational exposure concentrations to total welding fume was 95.91 mg/m3.
The arithmetic mean was 1.918 mg/m3 and median 1.595 mg/m3. The highest (maximum)
measured personal occupational exposure concentration was 7.12 mg/m3 whilst the lowest
(minimum) was 0.46 mg/m3. The geometric mean was 1.631 mg/m3, geometric standard
deviation 1.742 mg/m3 while the standard deviation was 1.278 mg/m3. The percentage
exceedance of the occupational exposure limit was 4%.
Conclusion: This study indicated that students were the most exposed employees followed
by welders, utility personnel and boilermakers. This was due to students performing
extensive welding, and the resultant incorrect students positioning during welding.
Recommendations: Existing engineering control measures, which included blower fans
and local extraction ventilation system (LEV) must be sustained and maintained in good
working order in order to reduce personal occupational exposure to total welding fume.
Furthermore a mobile local extraction ventilation system must be provided. The issued
disposable particulate mask with a protection factor of FFP2 must be substituted with a
ventilated disposable particulate mask with the same protection factor (FFP2) but that is
lined up with activated carbon layer. The disposable particulate mask with a protection
factor of FFP2 means that it will offer inhalation protection against the total welding fume
exposure concentrations up to 10 times the occupational exposure limit if properly used as
opposed to FFP1 which offers inhalation protection up to 5 times the occupational exposure
limit. The disposable particulate mask with a protection factor of FFP3 offers a better
protection than the one with FFP1 and FFP2 as it protects up to 20 times the occupational
exposure limit. The proper usage, care and maintenance of the disposable particulate
mask are important elements in achieving the maximum inhalation protection. The
activated carbon layer will assist in the capturing of the gaseous components of the welding
pollutants which will prevent the inhalation of such gaseous components by exposed
employees.
Description
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Public Health (Occupational Hygiene).