Interconnected consciousness: An exploration of African perspectives on the meanings and functions of consciousness and its applications to artificial intelligence

Abstract

Consciousness remains one of the most complex and debated phenomena in philosophy, neuroscience, and more recently in artificial intelligence (AI). While the majority of consciousness research has been conducted in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic) contexts, relatively little is known about how it is conceptualised in non-WEIRD populations. This study aimed to explore African perspectives on the meaning and functions of consciousness, as well as attitudes toward AI consciousness. Using an exploratory survey design, qualitative responses from a diverse sample of African participants (n = 125) were analysed using a six-step thematic analysis method. Findings revealed that participants primarily defined consciousness through awareness (perception, self-recognition), cognition (decision-making, problem-solving), and existential dimensions (e.g., culturally shaped worldviews and first-person experiences often described as transpersonal in nature). Functionally, consciousness was perceived as essential for survival, adaptation, social connection, and meaning-making through creativity and self-reflection. Many participants expressed scepticism about the possibility of AI consciousness, citing its lack of biological embodiment, emotional depth, and cultural integration as key barriers. These perspectives align with predictive coding models of consciousness, but highlight the need for a broader framework that incorporates social, cultural and affective dimensions. The findings suggest that consciousness is not only seen as an individual cognitive process but as an emergent, relational phenomenon shaped by collective human experiences. This study contributes to global consciousness research by integrating African worldviews and offers valuable insights into the socio-cultural factors influencing perceptions of AI. The implications for AI development in African contexts are discussed, particularly regarding the ethical and cultural considerations necessary for AI integration into society.