A Just Energy Transition: Challenges and Benefits in the South African Coal Mining Industry

Abstract

This research report investigates the transition to renewable energy (RE) in South Africa, focusing on the challenges, benefits and opportunities involved in shifting from a fossil fuel-dependent energy system to sustainable energy sources like solar and wind. The study explores how various stakeholders, including employees from Seriti Resources, Thungela Resources, Glencore, Eskom, the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) and community members in coal-dependent regions, perceive the potential of renewable energy and the implications of such a transition on the country’s economy, energy security, social welfare, and environmental goals. The research employs a qualitative approach, gathering data through semi-structured interviews with community members (4) and industry experts (14), including engineers, environmental specialists, and managers working across the energy, mining, and regulatory sectors. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring themes from the interview data. Key themes identified included the national energy status, processes of RE transition, opportunities and challenges associated with the transition and its social impacts. Research findings reveal that, while renewable energy offers environmental sustainability and potential to reduce load shedding, several significant challenges need to be addressed. These include the high costs of renewable energy, potential job losses in coal-dependent regions, and the unreliability of solar and wind energy in providing a continuous power supply. Furthermore, participants highlighted the lack of political leadership and regulatory frameworks as major barriers to the successful implementation of renewable energy projects. The findings are based on the analysis of interview content, as highlighted by participants during the qualitative interviews. The report concludes that South Africa’s energy transition must be approached with careful planning, considering the socio-economic implications of moving away from fossil fuels. Recommendations include promoting an energy mix strategy, fostering government-led initiatives to build grid capacity for renewables, increasing public awareness of career opportunities in the renewable energy sector, and establishing policies that attract foreign and local investments. The report suggests that a gradual, well-executed transition, with clear strategies to mitigate job losses, ensuring energy security, and addressing social concerns, is essential for South Africa to achieve a just and sustainable energy future