The Effectiveness of Strength Training Programs on Quality of Life in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction Strength training has been identified as an effective intervention for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Beyond improving glycemic control, strength training enhances muscle function, promotes metabolic health, and contributes to a better quality of life. Understanding the effectiveness of different strength training programs can help manage symptoms and reduce the complications associated with T2DM, thereby supporting better quality of life. It has been established that strength training can have a positive effect on health in individuals with T2DM. There is still a need to evaluate the overall effectiveness of strength training programs in adults with Type 2 diabetes. This review focusses on adults already diagnosed with T2DM and evaluates both structured and unstructured strength training programs to determine their effectiveness and sustainability. . Objectives The objective of this review was to identify and compare different strength training programs and to evaluate the effectiveness in improving quality of life among adults with T2DM. The review further recommends effective strategies to support adherence to strength training interventions for a better quality of life. The outcome measures report on the quality of life in adults 18 years and older, diagnosed with T2DM. Methods A systematic review was conducted. The databases searched included PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Embase, Science Direct (1 Jan 2012 to 30 June 2024). Critical appraisal was conducted using JBI tools, JBI checklist and a standardized extraction tool was utilized for data extraction. Narrative synthesis was applied given heterogeneity. vi Results The review identified that structured strength training programs, including resistance only and combined modalities with aerobic training significantly improved glycaemic control, reduced HbA1c levels, enhanced muscle strength, and improved health related quality of life. Unstructured programs, while less intensive, were associated with better adherence and long-term engagement. Eighteen studies from 10 countries were included, employing HRQoL measures such as SF-36, WHOQOL-BREF, and diabetes specific instruments. Findings indicated small-to-moderate improvements in physical functioning, vitality and overall HRQoL, with less consistent effects in psychological and social domains. Conclusion Strength Training programs are effective in improving physical and metabolic outcomes in adults with T2DM. Structured programs offer greater clinical benefits, while unstructured programs may enhance adherence. Both contribute meaningfully to better management and improved quality of life. Future research should focus on long term comparative effectiveness and strategies for integrating both approaches into Diabetes care models.