Situational factors in male homicide victimisation: A mixed systematic review

Abstract

Background: Globally, the large majority of victims and perpetrators of homicide are male. Furthermore, while the distal risk factors for homicide are well documented, understandings of the situational factors associated with the actual homicidal event are limited. Aim: The aim of the study was to identify, evaluate, and synthesise the findings of all relevant studies of situational factors in male homicide victimisation, globally, using a mixed systematic review. Methodology: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Peer- reviewed studies published in English between 1970 and January 2024 were considered for inclusion. The articles were searched in multiple databases including Web of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, and ProQuest Central. This yielded a total of 22 eligible studies: three qualitative, four mixed methods and fifteen quantitative papers. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used as a quality assessment criterion – the 22 included articles were of high quality and validity. The included studies were synthesised using thematic analysis. Results: Six key themes were identified in the included studies: (1) Alcohol and Substance Use as Catalysts for Male Homicide, (2) Temporal and Spatial Factors, (3) Weapon Use and Methods of Killing, (4) Dynamics of Male Homicide, (5) Victim-Offender Relationship, and (6) Victim and Offender Characteristics. Conclusion: This systematic review has provided a comprehensive synthesis of the situational factors associated with male homicide victimisation. The synthesis highlights the interaction between individual, relational, community, societal, and situational factors that contribute to male homicides globally. The integration of these insights into public health initiatives and legislative frameworks will be essential in addressing the global challenge of homicide and promoting safer communities for all. The underrepresentation of studies from iv low- and middle-income countries, and gaps in the literature, including the role of mental illness in shaping violent behaviours, suggests a need for further research in these specific areas.