4. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - Faculties submissions
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/10539/37773
For queries relating to content and technical issues, please contact IR specialists via this email address : openscholarship.library@wits.ac.za, Tel: 011 717 4652 or 011 717 1954
Browse
110 results
Search Results
Item Investigating Ways in Which the Profile and Identity of Women Affects their Capacity to Work Effectively in the Urban Management Field(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Mazamane, Zintathu SigcineItem Gendered strategies and aspirations of black women inhabiting borderland spaces: a case study of Musina local municipality(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Muzanenhamo, Chido Anna Maria; Harrison, PhilipThis research focuses on how black femininity is constructed and embodied in an African borderland at the intersections of rural-urban and transnational interfaces. Conducted in Musina local municipality, this study posits that a double borderland identity – an identity formed through the spatial overlaps of transnational, rural, and urban existence – shapes how black women are caught in-between idealized conceptualizations of black femininity and the processes of dislocation and adaptation that accompany pressures of assimilating into a borderland society. Utilizing qualitative research methods, including a case study analysis, reflexive photography and journalling, and 43 semi-structured interviews, this study explored the concepts of intersectionality, liminality, and borderlands. The findings suggest that black femininity is an ideal constructed largely of three components: selfhood, wifehood, and motherhood. These ideas frequently mirror the perception that certain categories – like gender, geography, and nationality – are fixed and unrelated. However, the study shows that gender identity in the municipality is performatively intersectional, leading to diverse liminal experiences. Identities in an African borderland can be fluid, hybrid, invisible or visible depending on the context. This study provides a more nuanced understanding of identity formation in borderland spaces. The double borderland identity is particularly important because it subverts and transforms commonly perceived notions of black femininity, being the catalyst for the experiences and embodiment of intersectional identities, often leaving many women in a permanent state of in- betweenness.Item Migration, Motherhood and Subjective Wellbeing: Experiences of Transnational Mothers in Johannesburg(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-12) Zikhali, Thulisile; Vearey, Jo; Walker, RebeccaThe discussions on feminisation of migration have renewed research interests into the gendered nature of migration experiences. This highlights the implications of cultural norms and values on migrant women. Despite that there is a longstanding history of people migrating to Johannesburg from within the Southern African region, little is written about the experiences of cross border migrant mothers who leave their children behind. This study explores the intersections of migration, motherhood, and subjective wellbeing in Johannesburg inner city, drawing from the experiences of twenty women: originating from Zimbabwe (comprising 15 women), Ghana (consisting of 3 women), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (involving 2 women). Participant observations and semi-structured interviews are methods that were used to collect data in the following three Johannesburg inner city areas: Hillbrow, Berea, and Yeoville. These are migrant-dense urban spaces in Johannesburg. The study used matricentric feminism and constructivism as its philosophical resources. It also utilised concepts of precarity, embodied transnationalism and subjective wellbeing as analytical tools to examine transnational mothers’ experiences. Findings indicate that familial social history and cultural gender norms play a crucial role in shaping perceptions of motherhood and in determining what are seen as “acceptable” ways of mothering. The study also found that there were tensions and contradictions in mothers’ perceptions of motherhood: their convictions on meanings of motherhood and the roles that mothers are expected to play in families were not in alignment with their own contemporary realities. Contrary to studies that have been conducted elsewhere, for example in North America and Europe, this study suggests that transnational mothering strategies in Johannesburg inner city are largely mediated by localised contextual factors such as lack of documentation, unstable jobs, xenophobia and crime. These factors undermine mothering strategies by creating an environment of uncertainty which makes it difficult for mothers to fulfil their mothering obligations, for example, sending remittances on time, maintaining regular cross border communication and regular visits to home. This study contributes to conceptual advancement in transnational motherhood research by bringing the aspect of wellbeing to the fore. It does this by uniquely considering the use of subjective wellbeing in understanding mothers’ experiences and how migration was beneficial to their mothering goals and aspirations. Findings indicate that mothers demonstrated agency in dealing with various challenges. They found migration as emancipatory and they were determined to provide for their children as well as to secure their future.Item The potential of regenerative agriculture in creating climate adaptive and gender inclusive food systems: a study of rural communities in Mpumalanga, South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024-08) Govender, Yashila; Kabisa, Mulako; Pereira, LauraNumerous social-ecological risks to food systems are brought on by industrial agriculture – resulting in various narratives around the sustainability of agriculture, offering a solution to the problems confronting this system. One of these narratives is regenerative agriculture (RA), which has recently gained popularity. The potential of regenerative agriculture could contribute to sustainable agriculture and is capable of addressing climate adaptation challenges and potentially fostering gender inclusivity within food systems. Despite growing interest around regenerative agriculture, this concept is not well understood or researched in South Africa, especially in rural farming villages. This research delves into the multifaceted domain of regenerative agriculture and looks to describe this in the South African context. This study sets out to achieve three research questions, what is the definition of regenerative agriculture in a South African context, what is the current understanding around this concept among smallholder farmers in farming villages of Bushbuckridge and if so, how does regenerative agriculture considers the local gender dynamics in rural farming communities? A mixed methods approach was used for this study. Ten expert interviews with key stakeholders in the agricultural sector were conducted to construct a definition of regenerative agriculture tailored to South African conditions. Thereafter, individual interviews were used to gauge the level of understanding and adoption of regenerative practices among smallholder farmers in the villages of Bushbuckridge. This sample consisted of 74.2% female and 25.8% male. Finally, an in-depth analysis of how regenerative agriculture compared with local dynamics in rural farming communities was conducted through participatory engagement. A total of 54 participants participated in focus group discussions. The results indicate there is a multifaceted understanding of regenerative agriculture in South Africa, with most experts indicating that regenerative agriculture is practiced under the name of conservation agriculture (CA). Aspects of both practices have some commonalities with agroecology, such as principles of soil conservation, polyculture and no-tillage that are highly promoted in South Africa. Additionally, smallholder farmers in Mpumalanga practice regenerative agriculture, with different adoption rates in different villages. Furthermore, this research highlights that the adoption of regenerative agriculture in rural farming communities requires further discussion and stakeholder engagement, especially with women, and includes socio-economic and cultural factors. This study contributes to the broader discourse on regenerative agriculture by providing a context-specific definition, indicating that regenerative agriculture is an overlap of agroecology and conservation agriculture in South Africa, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities for smallholder adoption, and emphasizing the importance of community-based approaches in regenerative agriculture educational programs. The research underscores the need for tailored education and extension programs that account for local conditions and socio-cultural factors.Item Pass Laws and social reproduction: A reading of the 1956 women’s march and its aftermath(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Mashele, Rixongile; Ponniah, UjithraThis thesis historically locates the experiences of ‘ordinary’ women in the context of restricted urban mobility, poor labour conditions, the disruption of family life and the pass system. Using archives and social reproduction as a conceptual lens, this research establishes that ‘ordinary’ black women knew what they were protesting for in 1956, that they understood the state’s efforts of consciously manipulating the costs of social reproduction, and its direct impact on their daily lives. They also understood that the experiences of men and women under apartheid were not the same. Importantly, these women utilised womanhood to fight against the apartheid state in their attempts of ensuring that African children receive access to resources and privileges equivalent to those of white children.Item A Decomposition Analysis of Gender Disparities in Need and Unmet Need for Care and Support in Urban Gauteng(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Lusanda Mhlahlo, Siphesihle; Booysen, FrederikGender inequalities are a pervasive issue with far-reaching effects across all aspects of society, including the economy. This study delves into gender health disparities, specifically focusing on need and unmet need for care and support. Using data from the Gauteng Quality of Life Survey of 2020/2021, the study employs logistic regressions and a decomposition model to analyse the prevalence of need and unmet need, and how these differ across sex. The findings of this study highlight a higher prevalence of need among women, with employment emerging as the most significant factor contributing to the gender gap in need. Equalizing employment levels between men and women could potentially reduce the gender difference in need by 15%. Additionally, the study identifies a self-reported history of intimate partner violence (IPV) as a key contributor to gender disparities in need, suggesting that reducing the prevalence of IPV among women to match that of men would help narrow the gender gap. Furthermore, the study reveals a greater prevalence of unmet need among men, once again linking a self-reported history of IPV to this disparity. These findings shed light on the complex interplay of gender, health, and societal factors, emphasizing the importance of addressing gender inequalities in healthcare and support systems.Item Examining the Effect of Women’s Empowerment on Multidimensional Poverty: Case of South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Ratshivhand, Thonifho; Benhura, MiracleThis study examines the levels and correlations of individual women’s empowerment and household level multidimensional poverty in South Africa, overall and by rural/ urban location. The Alkire-Foster (2011) techniques is employed for the construction of the Women Empowerment Index (WEI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), and a logistic regression analysis is employed to ascertain whether women’s empowerment is negatively correlated to multidimensional poverty. The study uses the 2016 South African Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) dataset and estimates that 3.2% of South African households are multidimensionally poor, with a higher prevalence in rural areas. In both rural and urban areas, the standard of living dimension contributed most to MPI. Regarding WEI, women residing in urban areas (67.3%) are more empowered compared to those residing in rural areas (53.9%), with attitude towards domestic violence dimension contributing most to women’s empowerment. Findings from logistic regressions show that women’s empowerment is negatively associated with multidimensional poverty in South Africa. Women in older age groups and better paid occupations are associated with lower multidimensional poverty, also non-Black/African women and those residing in urban areas have a lower chance of experiencing multidimensional poverty, than Black/African women and those residing in urban areas. Overall, this study highlights the importance of addressing women's empowerment as a key strategy for poverty reduction in South Africa. The results suggest a need for customised strategies to improve women’s empowerment and reduce multidimensional poverty in South Africa's rural and urban areas.Item Investigating the experiences of female Heads of Departments leading at an Independent High School in South Africa(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Reddy, Leslie Cheston Nicholas; Fleisch, BrahmThroughout history, women have faced various challenges because of their gender. With society developing and people becoming more aware of gender diversity and equality, organisations still have not purposefully remedied how women are seen in society. More specifically, schools, particularly primary schools, have long been the domain of women due to the stereotypical notions that women are natural caregivers and there to nurture children. However, leadership and management positions within schools have traditionally been dominated by men as many independent schools in South Africa were developed during the apartheid administration, which disadvantaged people of colour, more specifically women of colour. This research report investigated the experiences of female heads of departments (HODs) leading at an independent school in South Africa. Through the use of transformative leadership as the theoretical framework for this study, it became apparent that women's experiences are unique to their gender and often shared with other women. This study used a qualitative research design by looking at seven HODs. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews and observations. With this, central themes of their experiences, challenges, and strategies used by female HODs in independent schools were collated thematically. This study revealed that gender-biased perceptions of women leaders exist in several forms of discrimination even though they are in leadership positions. Additionally, the challenges these female HODs faced were aspects that dealt with society's beliefs impacting their ability to lead confidently. These women also have perceptions of male privilege, the demands of working in an independent school, the need to prove themselves as a leader and gender-pay discrepancies. The women in this study also gave insight into their perceptions of male arrogance, recognising a gender shift in school leadership and examining the role of school existence and traditionalism in their role as leaders. The study revealed that the women in this independent school feel better equipped and are better managers than their male counterparts. The women leaders recognised the value of emotional intelligence and also strived to implement various strategies in how they led to ensure that they could manage their positions effectively. These strategies included building relationships with colleagues, students and parents; open communication; adopting iii multiple leadership styles; and caring for and empowering students. All these strategies were implemented to mitigate their challenges as female HODs in an independent school.Item Bisexuality in Democratic South Africa: Experiences of Women in Johannesburg(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Khuzwayo, Zuziwe; Roy, SrilaThe field of gender and sexuality studies has been growing in academic institutions since the 1970’s. One of the reasons for its growth is that women across the globe are challenging conservative ideas and norms on how they should engage in romance, sexuality and heteronormativity which has implications for broader society. There has also been an increase in LGBTQI+ rights globally including in parts of the world where historically these identities were viewed as illegal and foreign to the indigenous people. In recent years though, there has also been a growing anti-gender backlash across the globe that has resulted in hard-won legal rights being reversed, or new legislation being imposed that is homophobic and transphobic. When it comes to research on sexuality, studies on bisexuality, however, and specifically research stemming from Global South contexts, is limited. This research contributes to the field of sexuality studies by looking at how bisexual women construct and express their sexuality, looking at multiple factors such as race, class, age and space in the city of Johannesburg. Using qualitative methods of life-history and in-depth interviews conducted during the six years of the PhD, this study shows how each of these factors shapes and influence an individual’s sexuality in a democracy where LGBTQI+ rights exist but are inadequately materialised. Drawing on feminist and queer theory, the study delves into how bisexuality is expressed and performed by women living in Johannesburg, and how challenges in claiming their sexuality exist outside but also within LGBTQI+ spaces. The study shows how queer women continue to carve out public and private spaces for themselves amid high levels of violence against women. Lastly, the research shows the continued regulation of women’s sexuality through heteronormativity in public and private spaces, and what this says about how women living on the African continent claim their sexuality in different waItem Personhood and Gender in a Traditional African Community(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Nyirenda, Vitumbiko; Etieyibo, EdwinThere is a common assumption that traditional African societies were gender-neutral and lacked hierarchical gender ordering. Proponents of this view argue that women in these societies held significant positions, challenging notions of subordination and oppression. They contend that women have historically been leaders, advisors to kings, queens, soldiers, and landowners. However, some scholars argue that this assumption does not reflect the lived experiences of many African women, who face discrimination and oppression by men and society. This perspective suggests a distinct conception of personhood, indicating that African communities are inherently gendered, which in turn shapes their concept of personhood. The primary claim is that personhood has often been presented in non-gendered terms, based on the general assumption of gender neutrality in traditional African communities. However, this does not align with the realities of these communities. This dissertation thoroughly explores the intellectual divergence surrounding various understandings of gender in African society and its relation to discussions on personhood. Regarding gender, I argue that in the African context, it is viewed as complementary, fluid, and relational, indicating healthy and positive gender relationships within the community. Concerning personhood, I argue that it is often presented in non-gendered ways. Those who fail to recognize this perspective often conflate modern social issues with the dominant values of traditional African communities.