4. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - Faculties submissions

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/10539/37773

Browse

Has files: YesSubject: search.filters.subject.Renewable energy

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 17
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Manufacturers’ Perspectives: Overcoming barriers and unlocking solutions for battery manufacturing in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Shantikumar, Ravisha; Mathetsa, Steven
    The global energy sector is transitioning towards sustainable sources. South Africa, a country heavily reliant on coal for its energy needs, faces myriad challenges compounded by persistent electricity shortages. These shortages have widespread negative economic impacts, prompting the exploration of technological solutions such as battery energy storage systems (BESS). Adoption of BESS is on the rise in South Africa. However, the country is still heavily reliant on imports for battery storage systems. This study sought to explore the barriers and solutions for the manufacture of BESS in South Africa, thus contribute to the rapid implementation of these systems in the energy sector. A qualitative approach was employed, including collecting insights from key energy sector role players, among them, representatives of global battery cell manufacturers and local battery assembly companies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants from global electro-chemical battery manufacturers, two from BESS assembly companies operating in South Africa, and seven key local stakeholders such as policymakers, and representatives of research institutes, and a financial institution. Thematic analysis of these interviews revealed that, first, battery energy storage systems present substantial opportunities for South Africa. Second, localising battery manufacturing could enhance grid stability, renewable energy integration, job creation, and economic growth. The study identified key barriers to local battery manufacturing. These include market, financial, technology, and policy barriers, and a lack of skills and international partnerships specific to South Africa. To address these barriers, the study suggests fostering strong partnerships between government and battery manufacturers, sound policy development and implementation, manufacturing incentives, tariff reforms, and regional demand validation. Key considerations for battery manufacturers entering new markets like South Africa include market entry challenges, cost competitiveness, intellectual property protection, infrastructure improvements, access to raw materials, and government support. The study revealed that government leadership is crucial for developing the ii battery manufacturing industry in South Africa. Stimulating domestic demand for electric vehicles, developing mineral refining capabilities, and fostering government-industry partnerships are recommended to capitalise on market potential and industry growth. These findings complement existing literature and highlight factors unique to the South African context, as perceived by stakeholders within the battery industry
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Turning Points for Green Hydrogen in Energy Storage: Insights from Techno-Economic Analysis and Transition Theory
    (2024) Manyere, Allen
    Solar and wind energy offer the opportunity to decarbonise energy generation. How- ever, these energy sources are intermittent, leading to a mismatch between energy availability and demand and creating the need for energy storage. Green hydrogen could be the solution to this imperative; however, it is presently only available in small quantities and is expensive relative to conventional energy technologies based on coal and gas. The difference in cost raises the important question of what needs to be im- plemented or developed so that green hydrogen can become a viable technological solution for accommodating renewable energy intermittency. This research considered the question using a sequential mixed methods approach. In the first quantitative phase, standard techno-economic analysis was used to calcu- late the levelised cost of storage (LCOS) and the necessary turning points at which green hydrogen could be widely deployed as a storage solution. The LCOS is esti- mated to be $0.228/kWh which is still fairly higher than the literature value of $0.13/kWh for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and $0.11/kWh for pumped hydro storage. Lazard's 2024 analysis gives the LCOS for green hydrogen to be around the range $0.20 to $0.40 per kWh. In the second qualitative phase, the results of this analysis were calibrated against the perspectives of industry personnel with at least 5 years’ experience in the sector. The respondents noted the high differential between the LCOS for green hydrogen and alternative energy storage technologies such as Li-ion batteries. Their view was that significant intervention would be required at least initially with support mostly from the government in cost reduction and attract investors. Approaches such as support for the establishment of energy infrastructure, tax incentives and penalties for carbon emissions were mentioned
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Factors Contributing to Employee Turnover in the South African Renewable Energy Sector
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Ngema, Dumsile Nondumiso; Seiff, Grant
    The primary objective of this study was to identify the key factors drivingemployee turnover. Concurrently, the study aimed to investigate the underlyingorganisational culture disparities across different age groups and gender profiles.Additionally, it explored the impact of leadership on turnover and the relationshipbetween employee compensation and turnover. Considering the complex natureof employee turnover's impact, the development of effective retention strategieshas become a crucial need for organisations in this rapidly growing industry.Implementing these strategies is vital for retaining top talent, safeguardinginstitutional knowledge, mitigating turnover-related costs, and enhancing overallorganisational productivity. To address the study’s objectives, a digitalquantitative research survey was conducted with a sizable sample of 300employees employed in the renewable energy sector. The survey achieved a95.67% response rate, providing a robust dataset for analysis. The collected dataunderwent rigorous statistical examination, which included both inferential anddescriptive statistics. Among the key findings, organisational culture emerged asthe primary driver of employee turnover within South Africa's renewable energysector. This highlights the significance of elements such as inclusivity, employeesupport, respect, work-life balance, and ethical conduct as crucial components ofthe organisational culture. Employee compensation also played a significant rolein influencing employee turnover in this sector, with job satisfaction acting as acritical mediator in explaining the relationship between culture and employeeretention. Interestingly, the study did not identify a similar mediating role betweencompensation and turnover. Additionally, other factors such as leadership andtraining and development did not demonstrate a significant relationship withturnover. The practical implications of these findings are significant for improvinghuman resource practices in the renewable energy sector. These findings alsohighlight the importance of strengthening organisational culture while alsofocusing on job satisfaction and competitive compensation packages.Policymakers and industry associations can draw valuable insights from thefindings of this study to enhance employee retention strategies. This studycontributes meaningfully to the understanding of employee turnover in thevrenewable energy sector, not only within South Africa but with potential relevancein a broader context
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Relationship between Renewable Energy Products and Cost-Effective Electricity among Middle-class consumers in Gauteng
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Ludick, Sheldon; Venter, Robert
    This executive summary presents a business venture proposal to address the need for stable electricity in South Africa, by offering renewable energy solutions to middle to upper-income households. The proposal focuses on charging customers per kilowatt basis, thereby eliminating the initial capital outlay typically required for setting up renewable energy systems in homes by providing renewable energy infrastructure at no upfront cost to the consumer. A pay-as-you-use model stands as the unique selling proposition of Renew Able Technologies, giving it a distinct competitive advantage. By partnering with residents in the target living standards measure LSM bracket, the business aims to provide long-term electricity supply through renewable energy technologies at a competitive per- unit or kilowatt cost, creating a monthly income stream, while creating a long-term partnership with consumers. Additionally, renewable energy is environmentally friendly, and contributes to a greener, cleaner, and sustainable future. As a consequence, this proposal is not purely based on the current supply issues of electricity in South Africa, but instead, it aims to create a profitable business, at once contributing to the planet's sustainability. The business venture proposal will calculate the average daily usage of kilowatt hours to determine the appropriate solution for each household. Implementation costs will vary based on individual household needs; correspondingly, larger households will incur higher charges based on their monthly usage. Estimates suggest that by 2030, there will be over 100 million homes globally equipped with solar energy or other renewable energy sources, a significant increase from 25 million homes in 2020. This proposal aims to support this growth, by enabling households with limited upfront resources to access renewable energy through a per-unit supply model. The proposal suggests offering an affordable monthly electricity bill to attract customers who desire to switch to renewable energy but are put off by the upfront expenses. This proposal presents a solution to the current lack of renewable energy accessibility for households. The pricing strategy will adopt a competition-oriented approach, ensuring that the shift to renewable energy minimizes household monthly spending for electricity while promoting long-term self- sufficiency. Our marketing efforts will be geared towards middle- to upper-income homeowners through promotions at various events, roadshows, and advertising agencies. We will ensure that product and pricing information is easily accessible to everyone through radio and television channels. By doing so, we aim to reach as many potential customers as possible and provide them with the best possible service. To finance the venture, we plan to seek equity and loan funding. Specifically, we are proposing a split of 60% equity and 40% loan. In summary, this business venture proposal aims to capitalise on the growing demand for renewable energy, by offering households an affordable alternative to traditional electricity. In eliminating the initial capital outlay, the proposal seeks to tap into a market segment that desires renewable energy solutions but is hindered by cost constraints
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Towards a legal model for decentralised renewable energy planning and determination
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Mohlala, Lehlogonolo Mamanyake
    South Africa has collectively with the global community made net zero pledges through a number of treaties1 and as such, it is important that the country sheds itself from any legal and implementation bottlenecks that make the uptake of renewable energy difficult. The aim of this research is to provide a perspective on how, from a legal standpoint, having decentralised themes of regulation in respect of the planning and determination of renewable energy will accelerate the uptake of renewable energy production by the private sector, and increase new generation capacity needed to ameliorate the energy crisis in South Africa. Through a qualitative analysis of energy related legislation including secondary and tertiary sources of law, the research found that having the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources (DMRE) be responsible for the drafting and updating of the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP)2 and being its custodian, has allowed the technology energy mix of South Africa to be a highly politicised process, and has thus derailed the uptake of renewable energy. The research finds that having the DMRE as the entity that solely undertakes the section 34 determinations3 is a flawed process to introducing new generation capacity that South Africa requires. The paper posits that the formulation of the IRP needs to be an open process that allows energy stakeholders such as industry, academia and communities participate and not merely provide comments as outsiders. As such, the paper concludes that regulation of renewable energy in South Africa needs to be decentralised to be efficient
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A Review of Mineral Exploration at the Karingarab Carbonatite, Southern Namibia
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Nehoya, Jennifer Ndapanda; Nex, Paul
    This research report reviews the Karingarab Carbonatite, which is one of several alkaline and carbonatite occurrences in Namibia targeted for rare earth element (REE) potential which are used in medical, renewable energy, technology and military applications. Several exploration campaigns have occurred at the Karingarab Carbonatite since 1977 and all indicate positive concentrations of REEs at the deposit. The Karingarab Carbonatite (68 Ma) is one of 41 alkaline and carbonatite occurrences in Namibia which is documented in this report and is very similar in terms of composition, age and emplacement to the Dicker Willem (49 Ma) and the Gross Brukkaros carbonatites (77 Ma) all located along south-west to north-east trending structures on the west coast of southern Namibia. The Karingarab Carbonatite lies in the center of a 2.5 km diameter circular vent raise 300 m above sea level, the edges of the vent are brecciated extrusive phonolites and other alkali silicate rocks with country rock fragments of phyllites and schists of the Oranjemund group, crosscut with late stage dykes of varying compositions in the alkaline and carbonatite series. Four main lithology types are identified through their distinct geochemical signatures with varying degrees of weathering and alteration. The target and main lithology is a layered extrusive carbonatite with lapilli of various shapes and sizes diluted in parts with mostly phonolites, schists and phyllites. The second more common lithology is extrusive phonolites which are mostly brecciated with cross cutting carbonatite dykes. The third lithology type is formed by clay rich autoclastic volcanic breccias which are a mixture of all the proximal and local rock types of the Oranjemund group, lastly the fourth lithology is formed by overburden which includes wind-blown dune sands and calcrete. The extrusive carbonatite lapilli is the dominant ore type, with deeper, fresh and unaltered carbonatites still mineralized and carrying lower grades while the shallower, weathered and altered carbonatite shows supergene enrichment and extremely high grades. This enrichment was upgraded by events in the early Paleogene which included deep erosion and surface weathering events along with a regional surface silcretization event capping and trapping mineralization. Preliminary findings following the first two drilling campaigns indicate a potential to produce from the carbonatite, 181 million tonnes of ore with 3.5 million tonnes of total rare earth oxides (REOs) at an average grade of 1.9% total REEs. The deposit remains partly open at depth, with satellite concealed volcanic occurrences still to be explored. Should the target become an operational mine, responsible sourcing will need to be considered particularly how to extract, refine, transport and process REEs in a manner which satisfies environmental, social and governance requirements (ESG) while ensuring the mineral value chain and potential industry spill-over is managed sustainably. Major risks to the target involve the criticality of supply which may be managed through monitoring geopolitics in supply, and technology improvements in substitution and recycling for the REEs and their products. Apart from these economic interests, the observations and studies on the subsurface lithologies at Karingarab will be invaluable to academia through improved literature on carbonatites, REE deposit genesis and the regional geology where much is covered by sand
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    From Coal to Renewable Energy: Perspectives on South Africa's Energy Transition for a Sustainable Future.
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024) Sebele, Temperance; Simatele, Mulala Danny
    South Africa has been experiencing an unstable electricity supply for years, leading to periods of load shedding from 2007 up to the present date. The electricity shortages have been attributed to distinct reasons, ranging from inefficient coal supply, skills shortages, sabotage by employees and lack of maintenance for nearly sixteen years. In addition to the electricity supply shortages, coal-fired electricity generation is responsible for roughly 80 per cent of South Africa’s total greenhouse gas emissions due to fossil fuel dependence, leading to many health, climate, and environmental challenges. To address the challenges related to fossil fuel dependency, moving to Renewable Energy sources that are climate and environmentally friendly is a necessity. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal approaches that South Africa can embark on for a successful transition from coal to renewables. The institutional, policy, and strategic frameworks that exist within which South Africa can embark on for a successful transition were explored. Furthermore, the study sought to identify the challenges, and opportunities that exist or hinder the transition in South Africa. Lastly, the study explored how developments in the international policy frameworks influence South Africa’s ambitions to transition to renewables. The study is best suited to the pragmatism approach, and data were collected through the reviewing of literature, key-informant interviews, and questionnaires. A mixed-methods strategy that involved gathering both qualitative and quantitative data was employed and primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary data sources used included key informants from various private and public institutions with an interest in South Africa’s energy matters such as ESKOM, SANEDI, SANEA, SAREC, SAPVIA, SAWEA, SAIPPA and NECSA. The non-probability sampling method was used in the participants’ selection from the sampled study institutions, with a combination of judgmental, snowballing and convenience sampling procedures employed at distinct phases of the research. Data collected was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively, with interviews text data transcribed and analysed through manual tabulation and thematic analysis, and presented in graphs generated from Microsoft Excel, and the data from questionnaires analysed through the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study revealed that the government played mainly four leading roles in the energy transition, which were providing financial support, legislative direction, institutional direction, and project oversight. Financial support is provided through financing projects and setting up financing policies that promote renewable energy investment, and legislative direction is provided through policy development and ensuring efficient implementation. Providing institutional direction is ensured through ensuring coordination across all spheres of government and capacitating institutions involved in the transition, and project oversight is provided through setting out renewable energy capacity determinations. The study further identified key energy transition elements, namely infrastructure, governance, legislation, stakeholders’ perceptions, and skills and strategies for a successful transition, which included channelling adequate financial resources to the renewable energy sector, privatisation of the electricity utility, diversification, rolling out bid windows, improving the legislative framework, improving grid access and integration, skills development, localisation of RE components manufacturing, providing incentives, and increasing consumer awareness about renewables. Several barriers to the transition were also identified, which included political interference and corruption, lack of financial investment, policies/legislation inadequacy, inconsistency in rolling out bidding windows, ESKOM’s monopoly, high cost of renewables, deficiency of incentives, skills and technology, labour unions, and deficiency of awareness on alternatives. The study recommends multisector reskilling of employees, since not all employees in the coal value chain may be interested in or able to be absorbed in the Renewable Energy sector. Furthermore, the government should fund and support progressive technologies and business models, improve the quality of institutions through merit-based appointments and uprooting corruption, privatisation of ESKOM to create opportunities for new entrants in the electricity market and improve stakeholder engagement and community support programmes. The UNFCCC must develop and ensure the implementation of enforcement strategies for holding countries accountable for their climate commitments for the transition to be realised
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prospects for artificial intelligence to manage load-shedding in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Shakoane, Nomea Lerato; Lee, Gregory
    Eskom, a state-owned utility in South Africa, is currently facing significant challenges and experiencing severe power shortages. While there is a growing expectation of adopting renewable energy in the future, a sudden and complete transition is unlikely. Legacy power systems, characterized by poor performance, breakdowns, and unpredictability, have received limited attention in AI research. This raises the question: What actions should be taken to quickly address maintenance issues in older power plants and increase generation capacity in the short term? The objective of this study is to explore AI solutions in the electrical sector and assess the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of integrating AI into Eskom's power system. The findings of this study will provide Eskom and the South African government with valuable insights to make informed decisions regarding the incorporation of artificial intelligence. These AI solutions can include detecting power and cable theft, optimizing energy usage and distribution, and implementing predictive analytics for demand planning and power production optimization. To gather data, a survey questionnaire was distributed to participants primarily located in South Africa, following a snowball selection process. The survey collected responses from a minimum of 50 participants and covered various aspects, such as load shedding at Eskom, artificial intelligence, data-AI enablers, and AI prospects. The study revealed that inadequate maintenance within the power generation division was responsible for load shedding. As a result, the implementation of AI solutions such as predictive maintenance, fault detection, and power demand monitoring systems emerged as crucial priorities for Eskom. However, it is important to note that implementing AI requires substantial capital investment. Considering Eskom's current financial situation and South Africa's mounting debt, it is challenging for Eskom to secure the necessary funds without seeking support vi from the South African government or major corporations like the IMF or World Bank
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A renewable energy solution for small to large businesses in the Kingdom of Eswatin
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Manana, Cusilakhe; Mondi, Lumkile
    The Kingdom of Eswatini’s electricity supply is not self-sufficient and relies on the import of electricity to meet its local demand. This has resulted in the country importing 73% of its electricity from foreign suppliers including South Africa, Mozambique, and the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). This heavy reliance on imports means the country cannot guarantee future supply nor have full control of the tariffs charged to customers for electricity. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology installations have seen a steady increase worldwide due to improved efficiency in technology performance and a decrease in the cost of the technology. These advancements have resulted in solar technology becoming cheaper than traditional sources of energy available to consumers. The business venture investigates the viability of using solar technology as a solution to the high electricity costs being paid by small to large businesses within Eswatini. The venture aims to install, own, operate, and maintain solar PV plants at the customer’s property and sell the generated power to the customer. The venture does not seek to replace the utility supply but aims to provide an alternative cheaper solution as an input into operations. The business venture proposal targeted small to large businesses from varying industries across the country as respondents for the study. In the study, the market perception towards solar technology as well as consumer behavior analyzed to assist in formulating a business model for the venture which would ensure uptake of the value offering. Furthermore, the business venture investigated the viability of the project by evaluating performance parameters which included the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the solar plants, cash flows, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and the Net Present Value (NPV)
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Factors influencing the adoption of Green Technology by individual consumers in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Jainarain, Rowenta
    The effects of climate change are becoming more evident, across the world. It is imperative that humans act as a collective and start immediately, to change their modes and means of operating activities that add to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The United Nations (UN) developed the 17 Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs), to be achieved by the year 2030, with SDG 13, Climate Action, being one of them. Apart from companies and industries adding to greenhouse gas emissions, a substantial amount of greenhouse gases are directly and indirectly attributed to the individual consumers’ activity. SDG 17 then comes into play, being, “Partnerships for goals”, whereby this study focuses on the part that individual consumers’ have in the case against climate change. Consumers use electricity in their everyday lives and electricity generation is usually from fossil fuel powered stations, which significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. An alternative would be for consumers, to adopt green technology, in the form of renewable energy, such as solar panels and solar water heaters. This study took a quantitative approach, to assess the factors that influence the adoption of green technology in South Africa. Primary data was collected from 102 respondents via a survey questionnaire, with 87 valid responses after data cleaning. Factor analysis was employed to ascertain the factors that influenced adoption. Multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses developed from the literature survey as well as to determine which factor influenced adoption most. The theory of planned behaviour was the model and framework against which, intention to adopt green technology was tested. The literature survey study found that awareness, self efficacy, ease of access, belief of benefits, cost perception, risk perception, environmental concern, aesthetics and social norms have an impact on intention to adopt. The regression analysis in the study found that awareness, belief of benefits and cost perception had an influence on the intention to adopt green technology and that awareness was the most influential factor. There is very little literature on factors that influence adoption in the South African context, hence this study aims to fill that gap and assist governments, sustainable development organisations and societies, with practical recommendations to influence vi the uptake of green technology in the form of renewable energy in South Africa as well as recommendations for future research