Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management (ETDs)
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Item The impact of foreign ownership on emerging markets' banking system: a case of BRICS(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Magagula, Sibusiso Vusi; MOKOALELI-MOKOTELI, ThabangThe current research examines foreign bank ownership’s impact on the financial soundness and benefits observable within-host banking markets and banks’ risk-taking behaviour in the BRICS. Also, this research examines the effects of foreign ownership on both fiscal and monetary policies’ transmission via the bank lending channel. Thus, the rationale to focus on the impact of foreign ownership on BRICS member countries’ banking markets is because post-global financial crisis, these economies stimulated their economy via banking. Moreover, the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 did not lead to deglobalisation in their banking markets because, generally, the BRICS bloc is found to have recovered quickly from the situation without their banks changing their privatisation strategy concerning foreign ownership. The CAMELS rating analysis, two- stage least square and two-way random effect panel models are the primary study tools in the current research, and the biasness testing was incorporated as a robustness check. The results show that the foreign-owned banks contribute procyclically to the bloc's financial soundness, indicating that their presence introduces some asymmetries into their banking systems. Furthermore, foreign banks in BRICS lead to benefits that outweigh risks. However, some risk elements need to be minimised to insulate the bloc from a future globally induced crisis. These risks include systemic risk of foreign-owned banks, lowering tier II capital as required by Basel III for all banks, the ineffectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in regulating lending risk, and excessive leveraging of domestic banks. Despite the risks associated with foreign banks' presence in BRICS, foreign bank ownership increases the performance and efficiency of all banks, with domestic banks becoming risk-averse, which may explain the quick recovery of the BRICS banking sector post-2008 global financial crisis. The policy implications from the results highlight the need for local policymakers to strategies on ways to encourage banks to lend in domestic currency to regain control over lending risks post-acquisition of their host banks by global investors. Also, host regulators need to closely monitor the extent of systemic risk from foreign-owned banks to limit the chance of a banking crisis in the future.Item The impact of foreign ownership on emerging markets' banking system: a case of BRICS(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Magagula, Sibusiso Vusi; MOKOALELI-MOKOTEL, ThabangThe current research examines foreign bank ownership’s impact on the financial soundness and benefits observable within-host banking markets and banks’ risk-taking behaviour in the BRICS. Also, this research examines the effects of foreign ownership on both fiscal and monetary policies’ transmission via the bank lending channel. Thus, the rationale to focus on the impact of foreign ownership on BRICS member countries’ banking markets is because post-global financial crisis, these economies stimulated their economy via banking. Moreover, the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 did not lead to deglobalisation in their banking markets because, generally, the BRICS bloc is found to have recovered quickly from the situation without their banks changing their privatisation strategy concerning foreign ownership. The CAMELS rating analysis, two- stage least square and two-way random effect panel models are the primary study tools in the current research, and the biasness testing was incorporated as a robustness check. The results show that the foreign-owned banks contribute procyclically to the bloc's financial soundness, indicating that their presence introduces some asymmetries into their banking systems. Furthermore, foreign banks in BRICS lead to benefits that outweigh risks. However, some risk elements need to be minimised to insulate the bloc from a future globally induced crisis. These risks include systemic risk of foreign-owned banks, lowering tier II capital as required by Basel III for all banks, the ineffectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in regulating lending risk, and excessive leveraging of domestic banks. Despite the risks associated with foreign banks' presence in BRICS, foreign bank ownership increases the performance and efficiency of all banks, with domestic banks becoming risk-averse, which may explain the quick recovery of the BRICS banking sector post-2008 global financial crisis. The policy implications from the results highlight the need for local policymakers to strategies on ways to encourage banks to lend in domestic currency to regain control over lending risks post-acquisition of their host banks by global investors. Also, host regulators need to closely monitor the extent of systemic risk from foreign-owned banks to limit the chance of a banking crisis in the futureItem Analysis of tax relief measures as a result of the covid-19 pandemic in south africa, compared with the tax measures of other members of the brics group(University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023) Selemela, Elsie; Ram, Asheer J.The purpose of this report is to analyse tax relief measures that were taken as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa, evaluate the approach taken and compare it with other countries in the BRICS international organisation. The COVID-19 pandemic caused numerous company closures and employment losses (IMF, 2020). Governments worldwide had to intervene to support their citizens and keep businesses afloat (IMF, 2020). In order to maintain widespread access to essential goods and services, taxation is crucial (IMF, 2020). The dire effect on economic activities around the world influenced tax laws (IMF, 2020). It fell to tax administrators to ease the tax burden on taxpayers as they were facing hardships (OECD [Organisation for Economic Co operations and Development], 2020). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that the design of tax systems can help stabilise economies when faced with crisis (IMF, 2020). The South African government implemented tax relief measures because of COVID-19, although taxpayers are still experiencing the detrimental effects of COVID-19. It is the government’s wish to offer additional help to businesses and individuals who are still facing these hardships and also assist in rebuilding businesses (SARS, 2021). This report will look at tax measures that were taken by South Africa in comparison to those that were taken by Brazil, Russia, India and China to determine the usefulness of these measures in dealing with the effects of COVID-19 on taxes. Some measures were introduced for a short time and therefore are no longer applicable, but it is important to consider them in this report because they might have long-term effects on taxes. The findings of this analysis indicate which measures were used, when they were implemented, and how taxes in the BRICS countries changed while adjusting to COVID-19. It was found that tax policies put in place in South Africa were unjustified since they decreased tax collection without any measures in place to boost it (IMF, 2020). Examining what other BRICS nations were doing to increase tax collection during the COVID-19 outbreak can help identify areas for improvement.Item Stability of banking systems in BRICS countries: state vs. private bank ownership(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2022) Suchkov, Ivan; Mthanti, ThantiIn today's global business environment of cutthroat competition and continuous innovation, companies need to constantly reinvent themselves in order to stay ahead. As Arthur Martinez, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Sears, said just over a decade ago, "If you look at the best retailers out there, they are constantly reinventing themselves." (Greenwald, 1996, p. 54) Some 18 years ago, Jim O'Neill introduced the term “BRIC countries” (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) that ever since has been entrenched in the common language of economists around the world. At that time, the joint BRIC’s GDP in PPP terms constituted $9,668 bln. or 23.3% of world GDP (O’Neill, 2001). This club of four emerging economies that were grouped according to their economic growth potential and uprising global influence was joined by South Africa in late 2010. In the decade following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008, the contribution of BRICS countries to world economic growth is known to have exceeded nearly 50%, and these countries will outrun the developed economies in terms of annual economic growth figures by 2030 (Kose & Ozturk, 2014). During the last two decades the trade turnover of BRICS countries has approximately tripled, which is a clear sign of an increased magnitude of their role in global trade flows (Rasoulinezhad & Jabalameli, 2018).Item Contagion between developed and emerging markets(2020) Bhagwandin, AsheenThis study examines the existence of contagion effects between the developed global economy and the BRICS economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) through the examination of linkages between global risk shocks and these markets. A structural vector autoregressive model with block exogeneity restrictions was estimated using macroeconomic and financial data for the BRICS markets and United States data (specifically the Volatility Index and the Federal Fund Rate) as proxies for global risk, all of a monthly frequency. Our primary findings are that contagion effects are present in exchange rates (besides China), sovereign credit default swap spreads and equity prices of our emerging domestic markets as a response of these variables to global risk shocks, although the magnitude of these effects varies by variable type and country. We do not observe significant responses to global risk shocks in government bond yields (besides Russian bonds) and exchange rates, and are thus unable to conclude, from our analysis, whether contagion effects affect these emerging market variables.Item Efficiency of emerging forex markets during the American and European quantitative easing periods(2020) Stevens, DarionThis research report investigated the efficiency of BRICS country foreign exchange markets during the American and European Quantitative Easing (QE) Periods. Market efficiency tests included autocorrelation, unit root, variance ratio, co-integration, and uncovered interest parity (UIP) testing. UIP tests indicated that the currency pairs investigated are not strong form efficient and that market efficiency diminished for US cross pairs during QE. The research also highlights changes in efficiency state prior to and post QE for the cross-pairs studied.Item The impact of foreign ownership restrictions on inward FDI and economic growth: a case for BRICS countries(2020) Hotane, TsholofeloThis study sets out to investigate the impact of foreign ownership restrictions on the inflow of Foreign Direct Investments (inflow of FDI). The study further examines how the inflow of FDI subsequently affects the growth of host economies. The study employs panel data analysis over the period of twenty-one years (1997 – 2018), providing empirical evidence in BRICS economies. The findings reveal that ownership restrictions have a negative impact on the inflow of FDI, while FDI positively impacts economic growth. The results primarily provide guidance to the policy makers in the BRICS economies who are responsible for providing a conducive environment for investments.