Faculty of Health Sciences

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Social class and dental caries in 11-12-year-old South African schoolchildren
(1989) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Williams, S. D. L.; et al.
The objective of this study was to examine effects of social class on dental caries in five African populations. Definitions of social class that could be used for the different ethnic groups are outlined. A total of 1 154 children from rural black, urban black, urban Indian, urban coloured and urban white groups were clinically examined and classified into social class by parental occupations. Within group comparisons showed no statistically significant differences in DMFT or DMFS scores by social class. Comparison of the urban white children to a similar group in South Wales showed slightly lower caries in South African children of similar social class. The complexity of the different ethnic groups in South Africa, in respect of social classification, is difficult to assess for comparison with social systems in developed countries. It is recommended that an appropriate social classification be developed for South Africa ’s developed/developing population mixture. Also as we enter the 1990’s sound baseline caries data need to be collected for longitudinal evaluation of changes in the disease pattern
Hypocalcification and hypoplasia in primary teeth of pre-school children from different ethnic groups in South Africa
(1989) Hargreaves, J. A.; Cleaton-Jones, P. E.; Roberts, G. J.; Et al
A study was completed in 1985/86 which examined the dental health of pre-school children from different ethnic groups and communities in South Africa: rural black, urban black, urban colored, urban Indian, and urban white. Enamel defects were recorded in primary teeth by use of the HHI, an index developed to measure hypocalcification and hypoplasia of enamel. The findings showed that colored children had the greatest number of enamel defects. The teeth most commonly affected were the maxillary anterior teeth and mandibular molar teeth. It is suggested that further epidemiological studies utilizing the HHI should be undertaken in pre-school children, especially from developing countries, to gain more information on the causes of enamel defects in the primary dentition and the possible use of such findings to predict nutritional health of individuals.
Ferric sulphate and formocresol pulpotomies in baboon primary molars: histological responses
(2002) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Duggal, M.; Parak, R.; Et al
Aim: To compare pulpal reactions to ferric sulphate and formocresol pulpotomies in primary molar teeth with inflamed pulps. Study design: An experimental study in 15 juvenile baboons (Papio ursinus). Materials and methods: Pulpitis was induced with fresh human carious dentine or Streptococcus mutans placed into occlusal cavities in 57 primary molars; after 14 days a pulpotomy was performed on the same primary molars with the two pulp medicaments randomly allocated; the pulp was covered with IRM and the cavity filled with amalgam. After 90 days specimens were harvested and examined under the light microscope with the examiner blind to the treatment. Results: Reaction frequencies in the ferric sulphate-treated and formocresol-treated teeth were: recognisable pulp 52% and 50%, dentine bridges 16% and 12%, internal root resorption 12% and 4%, external resorption 28% and 31%, bacteria 12% and 23%, peri-apical abscesses 32% and 38%. Statistics: Fisher’s exact probability test showed no statistically significant differences between reaction frequencies in the two treatment groups. Conclusion: A pulpotomy in a primary tooth may be clinically successful in the presence of adverse histological reactions.
Examiner performance with visual, probing and FOTI caries diagnosis in the primary dentition
(2001) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Daya, N.; Hargreaves, J. A.; et al.
To compare clinical reproducibility of dental caries diagnosis in the primary dentition under field conditions, a convenience sample of 5-year-old children in a nursery school in Germiston, was examined for dental caries by four dentists using visual (mirror), visual plus tactile (mirror plus probe) and fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) methods. Seventeen children were examined on day one and 11 re-examined on day two. Inter-examiner agreement was high, above 90%. Visual examination on its own is comparable with the traditional visual plus tactile method and to FOTI under field conditions. New caries data collected by visual diagnosis alone may, reasonably, be compared with historical data diagnosed with visual + tactile examination.
Eruption of primary teeth in South Africans from one year of age
(1997-02) Hargreaves, J.A.; Cleaton-Jones, P.E.; Fatti, L.P.; Roberts, G.J.; Hargreaves, V
Erupted primary teeth were recorded in I 446 South African children from five communities. The data were grouped into 3-month age bands and subjected to Probit analysis. Eruption times were similar in boys and girls. Apart from children of Indian descent having significantly fewer incisor teeth erupted at one year compared to the four other groups, there were no significant differences in canine and molar eruption times among the children. This paper defines primary tooth eruption ages in South African children for anthropological, clinical and forensic use.

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