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    The Contribution of lifestyle risk factors on Wealth-related inequalities in Self-assessed Health and Chronic Diseases in South Africa
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-05) Rosaros, Gosego Mmereki Andrew; Rossouw, Laura
    There is a growing epidemiological transition from communicable diseases to non- communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries. The expected pace and scale of the shift to NCDs will overwhelm the healthcare systems of many lower-income countries. A significant contributor to NCDs is lifestyle risk factors such as episodic drinking, smoking, and an unhealthy diet. This study aims to measure the contribution of current alcohol and cigarette consumption to wealth-related health inequalities in South Africa. The health measures used will be self-assessed health (SAH) and specific NCDs. This study uses data from 4178 male and 6087 female participants captured in the South African Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in 2016. This study estimated the wealth-related health inequalities using the Erreygers’ corrected concentration index (CCI) and then estimated the Wagstaff decomposition of the concentration index to establish the contribution of alcohol and cigarette consumption to wealth-related inequalities in health outcomes. The concentration index findings indicate that the burden of morbidity is statistically significantly concentrated among individuals in wealthier quintiles for several health outcomes, except respiratory problems, which is significantly concentrated among lower wealth quintiles for males. The Wagstaff decomposition reveals that current alcohol consumption and cigarette consumption contributions to wealth-related health inequalities are smaller than the contributions of some socioeconomic and demographic factors, including wealth, educational attainment, marital status, and age. In conclusion, this study proposes that redistributing wealth towards poor individuals will likely decrease South Africa's income-related health inequalities and implement anti-smoking campaigns and advertising policies
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    Income related health inequalities associated with Covid 19 pandemic in South Africa: evidence from wave 4.
    (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-05-26) Zulu, Abongile; Oyenubi, Adeola
    Even though there have been some observable significant developments within the average level of diseases and rates of mortalities in many nations (developed and developing), health inequalities that exist within and between various nations, within social groupings and different religious groups have expanded in the last years (CSDH/WHO, 2007). Respectively, this increase in health inequalities has been a growing concern for many governments across the world. Also, civil society organisations and other organisations operating internationally have been more concerned on how they would go about reducing these inequalities (CSDH/WHO, 2007). On this point, the World Health Organisation has noted previously that the most efficient way for health care sector to contribute to the lessening or reduction of disparities existing in health is by establishing a good systems and procedures of primary health care. The contribution of a well established primary health care system is through the realization of various mediations in order to deal with the social determining factors, and these are social and economic conditions that are inclusive of the health care system structure that is influenced by resources, power and the distribution of money that consequently influence separate and group differences existing within the status of health (Burger & Christian, 2018). The most recent available evidence suggests that primary health care principles and values, equity in health, people centred care and subsequently a most important part for communities in health action can answer to the prospects and challenges faced by the modern-day societies (NICD, 2020)