3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item A taphonomic analysis of the ungulate fauna from the early Howiesons Poort at Klasies River site(2019) Achieng, Pamela AkukuThe Howiesons Poort (HP), a key Middle Stone Age techno-complex investigated by several recent studies in South Africa, is characterized by innovative lithic reduction techniques and projectile weapons hinting at human behavioural complexity in the Late Pleistocene. This complexity is also evident in the 1.8 metre HP sequence from Klasies River main site (KRM). The subsistence behaviours and occupational activity at KRM has received much less attention than the lithic technology, leading to an underdeveloped understanding of behavioural complexity of the HP at KRM. In this study taphonomic analyses, a crucial step in establishing subsistence strategies and site formation processes, have been undertaken for two layers from the lowermost HP deposits in Cave 1A, from square J51 layers YSx5 and CPx4. The relatively high incidence of acid etching, weathering, tooth marks and low degree of burning and cut marks suggest both human and carnivore accumulators in layer YSx5. Layer CPx4 on the other hand records relatively higher levels of burning, percussion marks and cut marks indicating human accumulators. The higher levels of trampling and abrasion in CPx4 indicates a period of higher occupational intensity while the lower levels of acid etching, tooth marks and weathering indicate lower carnivore activity as well post depositional exposure of bone. The abundance of the bovid size classes varies in the two layers with YSx5 exhibiting a prevalence of size 1(0-23kg) and CPx4 exhibiting size 2 (23 86kg). This most likely signifies variation in subsistence strategies with larger size classes showing higher degrees of human modification.Item Woody taxa from charcoal in Sibudu’s Middle Stone Age hearths(2016) Lennox, Sandra JanetABSTRACT Sibudu rock shelter was occupied by hunter gatherer groups of modern humans during the Middle Stone Age between 77 and 38 000 (38 ka) years ago. Sibudu is in the summer rainfall region and is situated about 15 km inland of the eastern coast of South Africa. The site includes technological industries such as Still Bay and Howiesons Poort that are distinguished by specific stone tool types. Woody taxa identified from archaeological charcoal in this site, indicate changes in vegetation and wood use. Archaeological charcoal specimens, specifically from hearths on three putative occupation floors, were analysed for behavioural information about wood selection and use. Two of the stratigraphic layers, BYA2 (i) and SPCA, are approximately 58 ka old and the MOD layer is approximately 49 ka old. All three layers contain tools from the post-Howiesons Poort industry. Identifications of woody taxa were made by means of a comparative charcoal reference collection and the InsideWood database. Charcoal was studied under stereo and reflective light microscopes. Woody taxa identified confirmed that the coldest, driest phase of occupation was at approximately 58 ka. Bushveld woods, including five Acacia types, have been identified in charcoal from MOD layer, ~49 ka. The vegetation mosaic was different from today’s coastal forest and savanna near Sibudu. The availability of natural wood around Sibudu, visible in the type of wood burnt in hearths, has changed since 58 ka and 49 ka for either climatic or anthropogenic reasons or for a combination of these. In all three layers, the wood bundles include tinder, fuel, and a selection of woody plants that today are known to have medicinal bark, leaves and wood. People may have selected wood for burning properties (for example, temperature, light and coal production) and for medicine. Woods suitable for making firesticks for starting fires by means of friction are present. Wood from Spirostachys africana (tambotie) occurs in one hearth in each of the three layers. Since Spirostachys africana is normally avoided in cooking fires as it is poisonous, this suggests that the wood was selected deliberately and burnt for insecticidal smoke or other medicinal purposes. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus (syn. T. camphoratus) charcoal occurred in layer SPCA. This adds to the previous evidence of the use of aromatic plants at Sibudu, where sedge bedding was topped with aromatic, insecticidal Cryptocarya woodii (river-quince) leaves (Wadley et al. 2011. Science 334 (6061): 1388-1391). Wood use is different between hearths and surrounding sediments and between occupations dating 58 ka and 49 ka. Keywords: phytomedicine, Sibudu, Spirostachys africana, Acacia, charcoal analysis, wood anatomy