School of Oral Health Sciences
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Item Cemento-enamel junction variability within the mouth(1988) Grossman, E. S.; Hargreaves, J. A.Item Social class and dental caries in 11-12-year-old South African schoolchildren(1989) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Williams, S. D. L.; et al.The objective of this study was to examine effects of social class on dental caries in five African populations. Definitions of social class that could be used for the different ethnic groups are outlined. A total of 1 154 children from rural black, urban black, urban Indian, urban coloured and urban white groups were clinically examined and classified into social class by parental occupations. Within group comparisons showed no statistically significant differences in DMFT or DMFS scores by social class. Comparison of the urban white children to a similar group in South Wales showed slightly lower caries in South African children of similar social class. The complexity of the different ethnic groups in South Africa, in respect of social classification, is difficult to assess for comparison with social systems in developed countries. It is recommended that an appropriate social classification be developed for South Africa ’s developed/developing population mixture. Also as we enter the 1990’s sound baseline caries data need to be collected for longitudinal evaluation of changes in the disease patternItem Hypocalcification and hypoplasia in primary teeth of pre-school children from different ethnic groups in South Africa(1989) Hargreaves, J. A.; Cleaton-Jones, P. E.; Roberts, G. J.; Et alA study was completed in 1985/86 which examined the dental health of pre-school children from different ethnic groups and communities in South Africa: rural black, urban black, urban colored, urban Indian, and urban white. Enamel defects were recorded in primary teeth by use of the HHI, an index developed to measure hypocalcification and hypoplasia of enamel. The findings showed that colored children had the greatest number of enamel defects. The teeth most commonly affected were the maxillary anterior teeth and mandibular molar teeth. It is suggested that further epidemiological studies utilizing the HHI should be undertaken in pre-school children, especially from developing countries, to gain more information on the causes of enamel defects in the primary dentition and the possible use of such findings to predict nutritional health of individuals.Item Hypocalcification and hypoplasia in permanent teeth of children from different ethnic groups in South Africa assessed with a new index(1989) Hargreaves, J. A.; Cleaton-Jones, P. E.; Williams, S. D. L.A new descriptive index, the HHI (hypocalcification-hypoplasia index), is described for comparing enamel defects in groups of people. The index was used in a study completed in 1986, in which 1251 11-year-old children from different ethnic groups resident in South Africa were examined: 210 rural black, 203 urban black, 206 urban colored, 426 urban Indian, and 206 urban white. The index can be used as a screening examination, and the results from these different ethnic groups are presented.Item Is true caries diagnosis possible as we approach 2000?(1998) Grossman, E. S.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Cleaton-Jones, P. E.; et al.Item Permanent denition caries in KwaZulu and Namibia 11-year-olds(1990) Hargreaves, J. A.; Cleaton-Jones, P.; Matejka, J.; et alThe permanent dentitions of 11-year-old children in Namibia (n = 295) and KwaZulu (n = 308) living in rural and urban areas were examined using WHO caries diagnostic criteria. In low fluoride areas (less than 0.15 ppmF) significantly more caries was present in rural compared to urban KwaZulu but the prevalences in rural and urban Namibia were similar although significantly higher than in an area with 1.56ppmF in the drinking water. There was significantly more caries in rural Namibia than KwaZulu but the urban prevalences in both regions were similar. It is suggested that the urban findings are useful predictors for the needs of 11-year-old black children but local baseline surveys should be undertaken before considering dental programmes, treatment or preventive, for different rural communities in South Africa.Item Comparison of three fluorosis indices in a Namibian community with twice optimum fluoride in the drinking water(1990) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Hargreaves, J. A.In Otjiwarongo, a town in Namibia with twice the optimum fluoride in the drinking water (1.56 ppm) the Dean (Dean, Arnold and Elvove, 1942), Thylstrup and Fejerskov (Thylstrup and Fejerskov, 1978) and TSIF (Horowitz et al, 1984) indices of fluorosis were compared in permanent teeth of the children aged 11 y living in the region. Fluorosis severety was skewed in all instances to lower scores within each index. With the Thylstrup and Fejerskov and TSIF indices it was possible to compare fluorosis by individual teeth; the former was significantly more sensitive in diagnosis (56 per cent vs 50 per cent prevalence). It is recommended that the aims of a fluorosis investigation be carefully detailed before selecting the fluorosis index to be used. If detailed information on individual teeth related to fluoride ingestion is needed the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index is recommended, especially in areas with raised fluoride intakes where it is anticipated that the fluorosis levels will be mainly in the low levels of severityItem Examiner performance with visual, probing and FOTI caries diagnosis in the primary dentition(2001) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Daya, N.; Hargreaves, J. A.; et al.To compare clinical reproducibility of dental caries diagnosis in the primary dentition under field conditions, a convenience sample of 5-year-old children in a nursery school in Germiston, was examined for dental caries by four dentists using visual (mirror), visual plus tactile (mirror plus probe) and fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) methods. Seventeen children were examined on day one and 11 re-examined on day two. Inter-examiner agreement was high, above 90%. Visual examination on its own is comparable with the traditional visual plus tactile method and to FOTI under field conditions. New caries data collected by visual diagnosis alone may, reasonably, be compared with historical data diagnosed with visual + tactile examination.Item Use of DI-S and CPITN as predictors in dental caries studies in the primary dentition(1991) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Beere, D.; et al.The DI-S (simplified oral debris index), CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) and dmfs (dental caries experience in the primary dentition were recorded in 395 5-year-old black children living in rural and urban areas of Southern Africa. The DI-S and CPITN were grouped, independently and together, to examine their use as simple field methods of predicting dental caries. For each grouping the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictor values were calculated. A CPITN grouping of 0 or of two or more sextants with bleeding, provided the most convenient specificity, sensitivity and predictor values. It is recommended that this simple method should now be used in prospective studies of caries activity.Item Dental caries of 11 to 12 year-old South African children and WHO guidelines for the year 2000(1988) Cleaton-Jones, P.; Hargreaves, J. A.