Academic Publications

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Our work is intended to support and improve M&E, contributes to enhance governance and improved development outcomes across the continent. This is linked to a deliberate research and learning agenda. Here you will find our research contribution through books, journal articles, case studies and working papers.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 48
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    Advancing Evidence-Based Practice for Improved Public Sector Performance: Lessons From the Implementation of the Management Performance Assessment Tool in South Africa
    (Journal of Public Administration, 2017-12) Dr Tirivanhu, Precious; Dr Olaleye, Wole; Ms Bester, Angela
    Enhancing public sector performance is on the agenda of most governments. In South Africa, as the analysis of the literature indicates, there is a dearth on studies that systematically assess the implementation of public sector performance improvement tools. This article is based on the study that explores the implementation of the Management Performance Assessment Tool (MPAT) within the South African public sector for the period 2011-2016. It borrows from implementation science and assesses the critical components in the implementation process. It utilises a secondary data review, experiential knowledge from action research and semi-structured interviews. The critical implementation components are outlined and lessons from the implementation process are drawn to inform future practice.
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    African Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: Exploratory Case Studies
    (CLEAR-AA, 2012-09) Porter, Stephen; Djidjoho, Aristide N.; Houinsa, David G; Amoatey, Charles; Machuka, Samson; Okumu, Boscow W.; Muteti, Francis; Simwa, Vivienne C.A; Himbara, David; Momar, A. Ndiaye; Boubacar, A.W; Latib, Salim; Goldman, Ian; Byamugisha, Albert; Asingwire, Narathius
    This publication is comprised of six monitoring and evaluation (M&E) case studies from Benin, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda. Together these case studies formed the basis of discussion at an African M&E Systems Workshop held in March 2012, in Pretoria, South Africa. While the individual case studies detail learning from specific African country contexts, the accompanying synthesis paper entitled The Growing Demand for Monitoring and Evaluation in Africa captures some of the broader trends and issues that are emerging across the cases. So why African M&E case studies? Although prior studies do exist, the African governance terrain is changing rapidly; governments are responding to increased demand for results and accountability from citizens, and M&E systems are evolving to generate information that can be used by civil society, the executive, and the legislature. As a pan-African community of practitioners, substantive case studies are needed to provide an evidence base for learning from each other’s experience. The case study exercise itself grew out of cooperation at Ministerial level between Burundi and South Africa. Minister Chabane subsequently tasked the Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME) in the South African Presidency, to undertake a learning event on M&E systems across a range of African countries. In partnership with the Centre for Learning on Evaluation and Results (CLEAR) housed at the Graduate School of Public and Development Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the DPME hosted a conference to which four senior officials from each of the six participating countries were invited. Using open dialogue techniques, delegates were able to reflect on the case studies, analyse M&E within their own country in terms of what was working well, and identify potential areas for learning and improvement. The event concluded with a call for further exchange opportunities, and a deepening and widening of cross-country learning. The case studies should not be read as definitive diagnostics on the state of M&E in the countries concerned, but rather as first steps in building an evidence-based approach to M&E across the continent. More importantly, they represent a commitment from government practitioners to reflect and learn from the practice of M&E, and establish local solutions to M&E challenges confronting African countries
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    African Parliaments: Systems of Evidence in Practice (vol 2)
    (Sun Press, 2022-01-20) CLEAR-AA
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    African Review of Economics and Finance Conference
    (AREF Consult and Wits Business School, 2018) Professor Alagidede, Paul; Associate Professor Obeng-Odoom, Franklin; Dr Mensah, Odei Jones
    This paper endeavours to examine the impact of FDI on income distribution in South Africa. The study utilized annual time series data covering the period 1970–2016, and employed an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and the error correction method (ECM) to investigate the long –run and the short-run parameters between the observed variables. The regression results suggest a long-run cointegration relationship among the variables. While FDI, education, domestic investment and trade openness have negative and statistically significant coefficients which suggests that these variables reduce income inequality in South Africa in the long run; financial development has a positive and a statistically significant coefficient and this implies that there is still a gap between the rich and the poor as far as access to credit markets is concerned, and this aggravates income inequality. This study recommends that more investment-inducing activities for both domestic and foreign investments be encouraged in parallel with increased investments in human capital development, as well improved access to capital markets through allowing the poor to invest in high return investments in order to achieve inclusive economic growth.
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    Akonta: Examining the epistemology and ontology of Made in Africa Evaluation
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-09-13) Mjiba Frehiwot
    This article interrogates the epistemology and ontology of Made in Africa evaluation (MAE). Since the initial conversations about MAE as a method and theory in 2007, its importance has continued to gain traction and occupy space as a viable alternative to  strictly using evaluative tools developed outside of Africa.  The epistemology and ontology of MAE are rarely a part of discussions, debates and research, these are regarded as auxiliary to internationally recognised methods and theories. The ability of MAE to be imagined by evaluators, academics and the community strengthens its ability to operate in multiple communities across Global Africa
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    Approaches to embedding indigenous knowledge systems in Made in Africa Evaluations
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-09-13) Nedson Pophiwa; Umali Saidi
    This article calls for enrichment of the MAE in setting the agenda and bring agency to evaluation practices in Africa against centuries of unsustainable developmental practices that continue to underdevelop the continent. In this article, the authors make a case for weaving indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) with monitoring and evaluation of interventions targeted at communities on the African continent. Current efforts do not make explicit reference to indigenous knowledge in Made in Africa Evaluation (MAE). Indigenous knowledge systems are implied as the defining aspect of MAE, being called upon to be fused with existing evaluation systems and practices in order to enhance evaluation in African communities.
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    Assessing Evaluation Education in African Tertiary Education Institutions: Opportunities and reflections
    (South African Journal of Higher Education, 2018) Dr Tirivanhu, Precious; Dr Chirau, Takunda; Ms Waller, Cara; Mr Robertson, Hanlie
    The demand for knowledge from evaluations to inform evidence-based policy making continues to rise in Africa. Simultaneously, there is increased recognition of the role tertiary education institutions can play in strengthening evaluation practice through high quality evaluation education. This article investigates the status quo of evaluation education in selected tertiary institutions in Anglophone African countries. The article utilizes a mixed methods research methodology that blends secondary data review, an online survey using a structured questionnaire and two regional workshops. Data was collected from 12 Anglophone African tertiary education institutions. Findings indicate that evaluation education in Anglophone African tertiary institutions is mostly in the nascent stages and there are mixed feelings on the appropriate entry levels (undergraduate or postgraduate). The study highlights the need for developing a specialized evaluation curriculum as evaluation education still borrows from theories and methodologies from the North. Institutional, operational and policy-related challenges are highlighted as well as the potential for collaboration among various stakeholders in strengthening the design and implementation of evaluation education. Key tenets for strengthening evaluation education are highlighted and discussed.
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    Assessing gender responsiveness of the Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System in South Africa
    (Development Southern Africa, 2017-11-11) Dr Tirivanhu, Precious; Mr Jansen van Rensburg, Mandri
    There is growing recognition of the critical role that National Monitoring and Evaluation Systems can play in achieving sustainable development through enhancing effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of policies and programmes. The South African government legislated the Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System (GWMES) in 2009. The extent of gender responsiveness of the system has not been assessed yet gender mainstreaming ensures that gender needs, realities and issues are consistently and specifically considered in policies, programmes and projects. The study utilises data from document reviews and key informant interviews to assess gender. mainstreaming in the National Evaluation Policy (NEP) and the GWMES using a gender diagnostic matrix. Results indicate that the GWMES and NEP rank low in most gender-mainstreaming dimensions. However, the study concludes that existing policies and institutional frameworks if well supported by multiple stakeholders are conducive for effective gender mainstreaming within the GWMES in South Africa.
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    Can massive open online courses fill African evaluation capacity gaps?
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2019-06-26) Caitlin, Blaser Mapitsa; Linda, Khumalo; Hermine, Engel; Dominique, Wooldridge
    Theory of Change for Development is a free online course developed at an African institution to strengthen evaluation capacity in the region. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) provide a platform for building skills at scale in the region. Scholars of evaluation have long pointed to a gap between supply and demand that frustrates both evaluation practitioners and commissioners. This article explores the possibilities and limitations of MOOCs to bridge this gap.
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    Country-led monitoring and evaluation systems through the lens of participatory governance and co-production: Implications for a Made in Africa Evaluation approach
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-09-13) Candice Morkel; Adeline Sibanda
    This article explores how localised approaches to governance (merged with co-production) could ensure that evaluation systems are liberatory if they are endogenous and indigenous in their design and respond to the needs of citizens (rather than serving an upward accountability agenda). The history of evaluations on the African continent can be linked to the introduction of upward systems of accountability resulting from the rapid introduction of international aid programmes for the (re)building of African states during the post-independence era. Results-based management and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) became commonplace, the features of which continue to imbue national M&E systems across the continent. These systems, if not intentionally so designed and implemented, are not particularly focused on learning for course-correction and performance improvement from the perspective of citizens. Conducting evaluations, in particular, is often based on the need for accountability to funders or decision-makers, as opposed to downward accountability to the public and intended beneficiaries of the interventions.
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    Decolonising and indigenising evaluation practice in Africa: Roadmap for mainstreaming the Made in Africa Evaluation approach
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-08-22) Dr. Dlakavu, Ayabulela; Mathebula, Jabulani; Mkhize, Samukelisiwe
    Decolonisation is a concept that has taken on multiple layers since the end of colonisation and the onset of independence in the Global South. More than ever before, decolonialism, decoloniality and indigenisation have moved to the centre of intellectual inquiry across the broad spectrum of human activity: knowledge production, education, academic disciplines, professions, political life and economic organisation. The evaluation profession and fraternity has also been grappling with the idea of decolonising and indigenising its ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations, which are essentially rooted in the Global North development theory, practice and knowledge systems. This article endeavours to provide recommendations on how to make the Made in Africa Evaluation (MAE) paradigm practical (applicable) for evaluators in Africa, based on decolonisation and indigenisation methodological prescriptions. The results: the emergent practice of evaluation is only experiencing decolonial scrutiny in the 21st century. In the African context, the MAE paradigm appears to be the continent’s decolonisation and indigenisation project for the evaluation fraternity.
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    A descriptive narrative on the current situation against the gold standards regarding institutionalisation of national monitoring and evaluation system for Botswana and Zimbabwe
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-09-13) Panganai F. Makadzange
    To explore the current standing of Zimbabwe and Botswana against the gold standards of institutionalisation of national M&E systems. Literature demonstrates that when it comes to institutionalising national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems, some African countries such as South Africa, Benin and Uganda are quite advanced. In the new millennium, more countries such as Zimbabwe and Botswana engaged in similar processes. However, there is still little documentation on such processes. This article thus attempts to bridge the documentation gap
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    Designing diagnostics in complexity: Measuring technical and contextual aspects in monitoring and evaluation systems
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2017-04-28) Caitlin, Blaser Mapitsa; Marcel T., Korth
    This article emphasizes the importance of reflecting on the methods employed when designing diagnostic tools for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems. It sheds light on a broader debate about how we understand and assess M&E systems within their political and organisational contexts.
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    Determinants of skills demand in a state- intervening labour market. The case of South African transport sector
    (Emerald Insights, 2019-02-20) Khotso, Tsotsotso; Elizabeth, Montshiwa; Precious, Tirivanhu; Tebogo, Fish; Siyabonga, Sibiya; Tshepo, Mlangeni; Matsemela, Moloi; Nhlanhla, Mahlangu
    Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the drivers and determinants of skills demand in South Africa, given the country’s history and its current design as a developmental state. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, a mixed methods approach is used. The study draws information from in-depth interviews with transport sector stakeholders including employers, professional bodies, sector regulatory bodies and training providers. Complementary to the interviews, the study also analyses employer-reported workplace skills plans from 1,094 transport sector firms updated annually. A Heckman correction model is applied. Findings – The study finds that changes in competition, technology, ageing employees, market conditions and government regulations are among the most frequently stated determinants reported through interviews. Using a Heckman regression model, the study identifies eight determining factors, which include location of firm, size of a firm, occupation type, racial and generational transformation, sub-sector of the firm, skills alignment to National Qualification Framework, reason for skills scarcity and level of skills scarcity reported. The South African transport sector skills demand is therefore mainly driven by the country’s history and consequently its current socio-economic policies as applied by the state itself. Research limitations/implications – Wage rates are explored during stakeholder interviews and the study suggests that wage rates are an insignificant determinant of skills demand in the South African transport sector. However, due to poor reporting by firms, wage rates did not form a part of the quantitative analysis of the study. This serves as a limitation of the study. Practical implications – Through this research, it is now clear that the state has more determining power (influence) in the transport sector than it was perceived. The state can use its power to be a more effective enabler towards increasing employer participation in skills development of the sector. Social implications – With increased understanding and awareness of state’s influence in the sector, the country’s mission to redress the social ills of the former state on black South Africans stands a better chance of success. Private sector resources can be effectively mobilized to improve the social state of previously disadvantaged South Africans. However, given the economic dominance of the private sector and its former role in the apartheid era in South Africa; too much state influence in a supposedly free market can result in corporate resistance and consequently, market failure which can be seen as result of political interference.
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    Diagnosing monitoring and evaluation capacity in Africa
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2018) Caitlin, Blaser Mapitsa; Linda, Khumalo
    Since 2015, the Centre for Learning on Evaluation and Results-Anglophone Africa (CLEAR-AA) has implemented more than seven diagnostic tools to better understand monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems in the region. Through the process of adapting global tools to make them more appropriate to an African context, CLEAR-AA has learned several lessons about contextually relevant definitions and boundaries of M&E systems.
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    The effect of Public procurement on the functioning of a National Evaluation Systems: The case of South Africa
    (International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 2020-01) Dr. Kithatu-Kiwekete, Angelita; Dr. Phillips, Sean
    The practice of evaluation is gaining importance across governments in Africa. Country-driven evaluation should enhance the government’s capacity for accountability, knowledge management, performance, as well as improved decision making. Countries that have implemented national evaluation systems include Benin, Uganda, and South Africa. Emerging research tends to focus on methodologies or sector-specific aspects of evaluation. This article examines the specific challenge of public procurement for conducting evaluations as knowledge-based services. The article is based on a baseline study. The methodology for the study involved a literature review; in-depth interviews; focus groups with government officials, evaluation suppliers, trainers, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs); a root-cause analysis workshop; and an online survey with both clients and suppliers. The findings are that the quality of government procurement and supply chain management is a major factor that affects the supply of evaluators. The article concludes by offering recommendations to enhance the process of public procurement.
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    The effects of coloniality and international development assistance on Made in Africa Evaluation: Implications for a decolonised evaluation agenda
    (African Evaluation Journal, 2022-09-13) S. Linda Khumalo
    This article critiques the dominance of a Eurocentric lens to evaluation in Africa, illustrating how this impedes MAE. It harnesses the importance of MAE as a transformative, contextually relevant approach to espousing Afrocentric values in evaluation theory and practice. It is imperative to recognise the effects of the intrinsically Eurocentric development agenda on attaining transformative evaluation that appropriately addresses development priorities in Africa. The role of international development agencies as critical anchors in African evaluation practice needs examination to advance the Made in Africa Evaluation (MAE) discourse.
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    Embracing Evaluative Thinking for Better Outcomes: Four NGO Case Studies
    (2017) CLEAR-AA; InterAction
    This study would not exist without the contributions of many people. First, we must acknowledge the input of the international NGO participants at the Sub-Saharan Africa Practitioner Workshop on Evaluative Thinking and Evaluation Use, which was organized and facilitated by the African Evaluation Association (AfrEA), the Centre for Learning on Evaluation and Results for Anglophone Africa (CLEAR-AA), and InterAction in Accra, Ghana, December 10-12, 2013.