Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Masters)
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Browsing Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Masters) by Author "Besharati, Sahba"
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Item Automatic Racial Assumptions: Investigating the Relationship Between Implicit Racial Bias and Experiences of Affective Reactions to Racialized Others in a South African Population(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-08) Gomes, Stash Briano; Besharati, SahbaBackground: There is evidence to suggest that one’s social context is critical in shaping the automatic affective responses that one has to their own and other racial groups. However, to date, research into explicit and implicit racial biases has largely investigated this phenomenon in predominantly White populations within the global North. Furthermore, while there is evidence to suggest that people possess a tacit awareness of their implicit racial biases, a study is yet to demonstrate a direct link between self-reported experiences of one’s own biases and implicit measures of bias. This may be due problems inherit with existing self-report measures of bias, which focus on beliefs and attitudes regarding race, rather than asking individuals to reflect on their own affective experiences regarding their interactions with people of their own and other races. Aims and Methods: Using an ex post facto correlational design, this study investigated the relationship between implicit racial bias, explicit affective responses to racial groups and consciously held beliefs and attitudes about racial groups, and whether there were any between-group differences across any of these variables within a sample of self-identified Black (N = 25) and White (N = 20) South African adults. Data was collected using an adapted version of the Racial Implicit Association Test (IAT) for use in the South African context and a novel self-report scale that measures both explicit Attitudinal and Affective Racial Bias (AARB), with both measures investigating White- and Black-directed racial biases. Results and Discussion: This study demonstrates significant between-group differences in explicit, but not implicit, measures of racial bias based on self-identified race in this sample. Providing evidence for the distinction between attitudinal and affective forms of explicit racial bias and suggesting that the direct comparison between biases directed towards Black and White racial groups may not be appropriate in diverse settings, given that there is only a relationship between these two forms of racial bias with the White identified participants, but no direct relationship between these biases were found within the sample of Black identified participants. Finally, the results of this study suggest that self-report measures of affective racial bias may demonstrate a stronger correlation with implicit biases as measure by the IAT than traditional measures of attitudinal bias.Item Exploring the pandemic: COVID-19 lockdown response levels as predictor of working memory performance and associated emotional responses(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-11) Oyejide, Aderemi Oyewunmi; Brooks, Samantha; Besharati, SahbaThe unprecedented outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has altered the course of many lives, resulting in multiple health and social challenges. Due to the speed with which this andemic spread, various public health ‘lockdown’ measures were introduced to mitigate its spread. The outcome of adherence to these measures has revealed the possible influence on ndividuals varying cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring the predicting relationship between lockdown responses to COVID-19 restrictions and working memory performance and associated emotional responses, while looking at the socio-demographic influences of age, gender, and level of education. Participants were drawn from a secondary dataset of an international online survey study of 1634 individuals between 18 – 75 years across 49 countries. Participants’ demographic questionnaires, working memory measures (free memory recall and digit span forward tasks), and hospital anxiety and depression scale were employed to collect data for analysis. A 4-way MANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression were utilised to explore the mean differences and predicting relationships between the study variables respectively. Significant differences were found in general memory performance, anxiety and depression scores across lockdown groups, but with no significant difference in working memory. The regression analysis indicated socio-demographic variables as non-predictive markers between lockdown responses and memory performance, while age and gender were significant predictors between lockdown responses and anxiety. The current study provides valuable information for interventions that may improve peoples’ psychological appraisals in preparation for any new potential waves or future pandemics.Item The exploration of self-perception in the educational attainment of high achieving students from a low socioeconomic background in South African(University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2023-06) Sebele, Phemelo Berveley; Besharati, SahbaBackground: The achievement gap between students’ from lower-and-higher socioeconomic backgrounds is a global challenge that continues to widen. Education inequalities persist more widely with students from low socioeconomic backgrounds who are more likely to drop out of compulsory high school. However, individual characteristic such as resilience, growth-mind and positive self-concept – though largely studied using survey based methods - have been found to lessen the achievement gap. Yet, the influence of such psychological factors, specifically, self-perception as an overarching concept, is poorly understood, especially in low-to-middle income contexts like South Africa. Aim: This study aimed to understand the lived experiences and processes involved in self-perception of high-achieving first year university students from a low-socio-economic background in the low-to-middle income context of South Africa. Methods: An ecological systems theory and phenomenological approach guided this study. Semi-structured interviews, incorporating retrospective (high school) and current (university) questions, were conducted with 12 first-year university students. Findings: The research demonstrated that the lived experiences of self-perception in high achieving students’ that come from a low SES background are both individualised and similar. The findings revealed that validation which was distributed between internal (self-belief) and external (affirmations from external sources) played a significant role in the students’ academic success. Furthermore, the data also demonstrated that the perception of intelligence is largely influenced by what the students’ observe from their different environments. Conclusion: This study adds to our understanding of the role of self-perception in educational inequality which can be used in future school-based, family and wider policy interventions. It further demonstrates the need to understand these complex relationships by drawing on lived experience of students using qualitative approaches.