Environmental justice and development projects: a case study of a landscape approach to biodiversity conservation in the Eco-Lubombo programme - Swaziland
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Date
2018
Authors
Simelane, Londziwe
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Abstract
Environmental justice has emerged as one of the core concepts in environmental and
nature conservation discourse in recent years, prompted by the growing focus on human
development and the promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples. Numerous
indigenous groups were displaced and marginalised with the advent of protected area
declarations and establishment of nature reserves and wildlife parks throughout the
world, and especially in Africa. These groups, who previously achieved their livelihood
provisions from these areas rich in biodiversity, found themselves having to find
alternative means of living, which were often unsustainable. The injustice of these
historical actions, which are perpetuated even today, have led to a focus on adopting
social justice tenets into the environmental space, and making strides to redress the
situation and reintegrate indigenous groups into protected areas, providing an opportunity
to continue nurturing biodiversity but without compromising the ability of local
communities to sustainably utilise natural resources.
The environmental justice framework is explored in this research using a protected
landscape approach lens within the context of a biodiversity conservation development
project in Swaziland. Environmental justice principles of inclusion and exclusion,
equitable access and distribution of resource, as well as the unanticipated impact of
power relations upon such justice issues, constitute the bulk of my findings in my
empirical chapters. The results from the research revealed that the role of power was so
entrenched in the rural societies used as cases in this study, and was a representation of
the general experience of all rural, traditional communities in Swaziland, indicative of the
manner in which power, as possessed and exercised by the elite, permeates most thinking
and action by the masses, who are subject to that power. This kind of power held by
traditional leaders in the rural areas ultimately hinders the fulfilment of environmental
justice, and only partially satisfies the conditions of the landscape approach, wherein,
although significant time and money is spent by development agents towards peopleintegration
into a primarily conservation-based programme, the preservation of nature -
under protectionist modes – prevails.Within the Eco-Lubombo Programme in the Lubombo region of Swaziland, interviews
were conducted with a plethora of stakeholders, using interview guides that focused these
interactions on environmental justice themes, without restricting the participants’ general
experience with conservation development projects. Project documents were made
available to me, and these were tremendously in assisting me to acquire a sense of the
complexity of such community development projects. Whilst the project planning and
guides for implementation appear to be impeccable on paper, the contextual conditions
continue to highlight the simmering tensions amongst such traditional spaces, which
often prove to undermine the many hours of planning put in by project proponents. These
tensions are generally divorced from the actual project, and precede the introduction of
the project, but if unattended, they are often disruptive to the achievement of project
goals. These potentially explosive community dynamics remain contained due to the
reach of traditional powers, but people exercise covert resistance by remaining passive in
development projects and excluding themselves from development activities.
The power of the rule of law in Swaziland, and its numerous devolved traditional
institutions ensures that the individuals living and depending on these traditional systems
remain subjects. Indeed, it fosters dependence on the ruling elite, as people’s livelihoods
at the most basic level are directly dependent on the prevailing traditional tenure system.
My research found most community members to be very aware of their tenuous position
as citizens and were either unable or reticent to speak up openly against their traditional
leaders for fear of compromising their status within the community, as well as their
potential to access and benefit from resources in in their many forms. The majority of the
community is primarily dependent on subsistence farming, which is dependent on having
good quality land, and access to sufficient grazing lands, as well as access to natural
resources; the lack of secure tenure therefore may serve to incapacitate many members of
a community, and provide surety that they will continue to support the traditional
institutions. It is important to note that since this research report was compiled and submitted for
examination, the country name ‘Swaziland’ was changed to ‘Eswatini’ (officially
confirmed through a National Gazette: ‘Legal Notice No. 80 of 2018’ published on the
11th of May 2018 and signed by His Majesty King Mwati III). ‘Eswatini’ is the
vernacular translation of Swaziland, and has been used informally in the country for
several years, as well as when speaking in the local SiSwati language. A number of
national institutions have also changed their company names to reflect this name change.
Description
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of Master of Arts in Development Studies by Coursework and Research Reports in the Graduate School for Social Sciences in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand, March 2018
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Citation
Simelane, Londziwe Nqobile. (2018). Environmental justice in community and development projects :a case study of a landscape approach to biodiversity conversation in the Eco-Lubombo Programme-Swaziland. University of the Witwatersrand, https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28503