A descriptive case series of HIV-positive infants started on antiretroviral treatment within the first six weeks of life at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital
Date
2018
Authors
Goossens Carice Ann
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) progresses rapidly in neonates
(babies younger than 28 days of life), often before, the previously recommended,
routine HIV testing at six weeks and subsequent treatment initiation. Recent South
African treatment guidelines recommend HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
testing on all HIV-exposed babies at birth and recommend starting antiretroviral
treatment (ART) within one week of diagnosis. This results in babies being diagnosed
and treated much earlier than previously. There is inadequate evidence around the
safe and effective use of ART in neonates, especially in premature infants. The
presence of concurrent illnesses complicates the initiation of ART and affects
treatment outcomes. The effectiveness and adverse effects of ART in infants where
the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ART are poorly understood need to
be documented.
The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of HIV-infected
neonates initiated on ART within the first six weeks of life at Rahima Moosa
Mother and Child Hospital (RMMCH), Johannesburg, South Africa.
Subjects and Methods: Records of neonates initiated on ART prior to 6 weeks of
age between 2004 -2013 were reviewed. These neonates were tested earlier than
prevailing national guidelines due to their being symptomatic for HIV infection, being
premature, or having low birth weight (LBW). Sixty-two files where neonates had a
positive PCR test prior to 6 weeks of life were reviewed. Cases were excluded if
either they were started on ART in the first six weeks of life at a different institution or
if they were not cared for at RMMCH in their first year of life. A number of patients
were excluded due to initiation after 6 weeks even though diagnosed prior. Baseline
pretreatment characteristics (PMTCT exposure, clinical parameters, and clinical
conditions at ART initiation) were reviewed. Outcomes to the end of one year of life
with regards to follow-up status, clinical parameters (weight and height Z-scores),
and immunological and virological results (CD4 and VL) were reviewed.
Results: Twenty records were eligible and reviewed. The median age of ART
initiation was 27 days. The majority of patients fulfilling the study criteria were
premature, LBW infants who had received inadequate PMTCT. Fourteen neonates
required treatment for illnesses prior to or during the period of ART initiation. Two of
these newborns required ventilation. Illnesses requiring treatment were: necrotizing
enterocolitis (n=2), neonatal hepatitis (n=1 ), congenital pneumonia (n=3), congenital
syphilis (n=2), cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) (n=2), pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia (PCP) (n=2), tuberculosis (n=2) and Group B Streptococcus meningitis
(n=1) Other pre-treatment characteristics such as adequate PMTCT (n=3},
prematurity (n=12}, LBW(n=10), thrombocytopenia (n=6), anemia (n=8) and renal
dysfunction (n=2) were evident. Viral load (VL) pre-ART ranged from 1295-10 000
000 copies/ml. One nevirapine-exposed infant had an undetectable VL immediately
pre-ART even though HIV was confirmed virologically in prior and later tests.
Abacavir (ABC), 3TC, and LPV/r was the most common regimen initiated. (n=10).
Two patients were demised. Lipodystrophy was an adverse effect experienced by one
patient on stavudine (d4T}.
Conclusion: In our study of mainly premature and LBW neonates who initiated ART
at a mean age of 28 days (SD: 11 days) we saw that many of them had significant
co-morbidities. The majority of patients initiated early in this study survived until 1-year
follow-up, two demised. This study highlights the need for consideration and further
research of co-morbid conditions at the time of ART initiation as well as adverse effects
of medication and polypharmacy. Reduced diagnostic sensitivity in nevirapine-exposed
infants may be a concern in infants tested after birth.
Description
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Medicine in the branch of Paediatrics