Prognostic significance of PHH3, KI-67 and BCL-2 in prostate cancer

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and it is a leading cause of cancer death. In 2012, 1.1 million new cases were diagnosed worldwide, and it accounted for 15% of cancer cases diagnosed. Prostate cancer can be managed either by active treatment or by watchful waiting/ active surveillance. Prognostic factors associated with prostate cancer include Gleason score, age, extracapsular invasion, seminal vesicle invasion, heterogeneity, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assessment, and biomarkers. The Gleason score has been described as a quintessential prognostic factor in prostate cancer. Like other prognostic factors. the Gleason score has been modified to improve its reproducibility. The modified Gleason grading system is still subjective in nature although not as much as it was before the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (!SUP) modification. Therefore, a need exists to introduce a more objective and reliable method for predicting prognosis in prostate cancer. The use of biomarkers could provide a more reliable approach for the prediction of prognosis in prostate cancer. Some studies have linked the outcome of prostate cancer to genes and proteins involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. (Abbreviation abstract)