School-based oral health programmes in the Tshwane district of Gauteng: scope, implementation and outcomes
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Date
2021
Authors
Molete, Mpho Primrose
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Abstract
Background: School settings are an essential platform for promoting oral health at the early
stages of a child’s life; hence implementation of such programmes needs to be well executed
in order to obtain long term favourable oral health outcomes among children and adolescents.
Objectives: My study sought to assess the scope, implementation and outcomes of school
oral health programmes in the Tshwane district of Gauteng South Africa. The key objectives
were as follows;
To describe provincial and district level managers’ perceptions and translation of
school oral health policy,
To describe the implementation processes and gaps of school oral health programmes
in the Tshwane health district.
To determine the dental health status of the learners and factors associated with the
dental status.
To determine implementation fidelity and its effects on the dental status of school
learners receiving the school oral health programmes.
Methods:
The study utilised a convergent parallel mixed method approach where oral hygienists and
leaners at participating schools were assessed. The first objective in chapter 4 described the
scope of school-based oral health services. The second objective in chapter 5 elaborated on
the actual programme implementation. The third and fourth objectives in chapters 6 and 7
determined the effect of the programme on expected outcomes and identified the direct and
indirect factors affecting the quality of the programme.
2
The first and second objectives of my study were undertaken using qualitative study designs.
The first objective explored perspectives of oral health managers by using an exploratory
qualitative study where eight oral health managers from the Gauteng provincial and district
offices were interviewed. In addition to the interviews, policy documents were reviewed.
The second objective described the implementation approaches from the perspectives of 10
oral hygienists who were implementing the programme. A qualitative explanatory case study
was undertaken using a combination of data from direct observations, policy documents and
interviews. The measuring tools included process maps and an interview guide.
The third and fourth objectives were undertaken using quantitative cross sectional study
designs. A multistage sampling technique was employed to randomly select 10 primary
schools from the oral hygienists’ list of schools; two grades in each school were selected and
all learners in the selected grades were included in an oral health examination. Ten oral
hygienists were observed and interviewed as they carried out the activities of the programme
and records were reviewed. Data collection tools included an oral health examination form,
and an implementation fidelity checklist.
Results: The results of the first objective indicated that in as much as national policy covered
the principles of strategic vision, responsiveness to health needs, equity and inclusivity with
clarity in the strategic document; the principles were not translated consistently by the
managers at a local level. In the second objective, the results revealed that policy
implementation was affected by poor prior planning, inadequate resources, poor school
infrastructure and a lack of support from key stakeholders. In the third objective, upon
assessing 736 learners with ages raging between 6-16 years, the prevalence of dental caries in
the permanent dentition was found to be 25.9%; in the primary dentition it was, 30.2% and
the unmet treatment need (UTN) was 89.6%. The last objective revealed that the level of
fidelity obtained was 39.6% and that it was shown to be inversely correlated with levels of
decay. In addition, to attain the ideal of zero levels of decay, an 80% of fidelity was required.
The fidelity elements that were found to directly predict the outcome of decay included
duration (IRR, 0.49; p=0.02) coverage (IRR, 0.54; p=008), content (IRR, 1.36; p=0.03) and
age (IRR, 2.14; p=0.00). Moderating factors of fidelity which indirectly influenced the
outcome of decay included facilitation strategy, duration and age. These were predicted to
reduce the risk of decay by 92%, 83% and 48% respectively.
3
Conclusions: There was poor policy awareness and hence there were policy and practice
misalignment and variations in the processes of implementation across the 10 schools.
Although the prevalence of dental caries was relatively low in comparison to similar studies
in South Africa, there were high levels of unmet treatment need. The school oral health
programmes exhibited high levels of pupil coverage, however, the content (28%) of the
programmes and fidelity offered was low (39.6%). Much of the gaps in policy translation
were attributed to inadequate human resources and poor communication processes by the
national leadership to support district level implementation. Therefore optimizing multi sectoral participation and identifying shared, novel and practical solutions to policy
translation impediments is necessary.
Description
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021