Thermal excitation of gadolinium-based contrast agents using spin resonance.

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dc.citation.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0158194en_ZA
dc.citation.issue6en_ZA
dc.contributor.authorDinger, S.C.
dc.contributor.authorFridjhon, P.
dc.contributor.authorRubin, D.M.
dc.date.accessioned2016-10-31T14:27:02Z
dc.date.available2016-10-31T14:27:02Z
dc.date.issued2016-06
dc.description.abstractTheoretical and experimental investigations into the thermal excitation of liquid paramagnetic contrast agents using the spin resonance relaxation mechanism are presented. The electronic spin-lattice relaxation time ole of gadolinium-based contrast agents, which is estimated at 0.1 ns, is ten orders of magnitude faster than the relaxation time of protons in water. The shorter relaxation time is found to significantly increase the rate of thermal energy deposition. To the authors knowledge this is the first study of gadolinium based contrast agents in a liquid state used as thermal agents. Analysis shows that when ô1e and other experimental parameters are optimally selected, a maximum theoretical heating rate of 29.4 °C.s.1 could be achieved which would suffice for clinical thermal ablation of neoplasms. The experimental results show a statistically significant thermal response for two out of the four contrast agents tested. The results are compared to the simulated estimates via analysis of a detailed model of the system. While these experimentally determined temperature rises are small and thus of no clinical utility, their presence supports the theoretical analysis and strongly suggests that the chemical structure of the selected compounds plays an important role in this mechanism of heat deposition. There exists an opportunity for the development of alternative gadolinium-based compounds with an order of magnitude longer τ1e in a diluted form to be used as an efficient hyperthermia agent for clinical use.en_ZA
dc.description.librarianSP2016en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors received funding for this work from their home department, which is the School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand.en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationDinger, S.C., Fridjhon, P. and Rubin, D.M. 2016. Thermal excitation of gadolinium-based contrast agents using spin resonance. PloS ONE 11(6): e0158194en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10539/21320
dc.journal.titlePLoS ONEen_ZA
dc.journal.volume11en_ZA
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.rightsCopyright: © 2016 Dinger et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.subjectGadolinium compoundsen_ZA
dc.subjectThermal conductivityen_ZA
dc.subjectParamagnetic contrast mediaen_ZA
dc.subjectElectronic excitationen_ZA
dc.subjectSpin-lattice relaxationen_ZA
dc.subjectResonanceen_ZA
dc.titleThermal excitation of gadolinium-based contrast agents using spin resonance.en_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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