Effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment with antiretroviral therapy on immunological responses to childhood vaccines

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorSimani, Omphile Elizabeth
dc.date.accessioned2017-09-26T12:25:46Z
dc.date.available2017-09-26T12:25:46Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.descriptionOriginal published work submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Virology. Johannesburg 2017.en_ZA
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: HIV-infected and HIV-exposed-uninfected children have a heightened susceptibility to some vaccine preventable disease. There is a paucity of data on immunogenicity of vaccines in these children, including HIV-infected children who are initiated on early antiretroviral therapy (ART). We evaluated the effect of maternal HIV-exposure and timing of ART in HIV-infected children on antibody responses to combined diphtheria-toxoid (DT) -tetanus-toxoid (TT)-whole cell pertussis (wP) and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (HibCV); monovalent hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) and live-attenuated measles vaccine (MV). Methods: Samples obtained from children aged 6–12 weeks who had been enrolled into the CIPRA-SA study were analysed. Briefly, HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-uninfected (HIV-unexposed) and HIV-infected mothers (HEU). Additionally, we enrolled perinatally HIV-infected children with CD4+%≥25% randomized to deferred-ART (i.e. initiated when clinically or immunologically indicated per the then WHO recommended treatment criteria; ART-Def) or immediate-ART initiation (i.e. initiated on ART immediately upon confirmation of HIV-infection status at 4-10 weeks of age; ART-Immed). Children enrolled in the ART-Immed arm were further randomized to interrupt ART at one-year (ART/12m) or two-years of age (ART/24m). Additionally, a convenience sample of HIV-infected children with CD4+<25% initiated on immediate-ART was enrolled (ART-CD4+<25%). Children received a primary series of DTwP-HibCV/HepB at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age; and MV at 40 weeks of age. Booster dose of DTwP and MV was given at 15-18 months of age. Sampling time-points were: prior to the first dose of vaccine, four weeks after the third dose (18 weeks age), 24 weeks after the third dose (39.3 weeks of age), at the time of the booster dose (15- 18 months age), two to four weeks after the booster dose and at 24 months of age. Samples were analysed for antibodies for DT, TT, PT, FHA, HepB measured by Luminex microbead-immunoassay; and MV antibodies were quantified by an indirect enzyme immunoassay. Results: Antibody kinetics and response to primary series of DTwP-HibCV/HepB: Pre-vaccination GMCs were higher in HIV-unexposed than HEU children for TT, but lower for HepB, DT and FHA. Post-vaccination, sero-conversion, sero-protection and GMCs were similar in HEU and HIV-unexposed children for all vaccines. Furthermore, GMCs were higher in HIV-unexposed for TT, DT, HepB and FHA than in ART-Immed children; and for TT, HepB and PT than in ART-Def children. Nevertheless, there was no difference in proportion of HIV-unexposed and HIV-infected children who developed sero-protective vaccine-specific antibody levels post-vaccination. The timing of ART initiation generally did not affect immune responses to vaccines between HIV-infected groups. Antibody kinetics and booster responses to DTwP-HibCV/HepB vaccines: Pre-booster GMCs were generally higher in HIV-unexposed than HIV-infected children for all vaccine epitopes. Post-booster and at 24 months of age the ART-Def group had lower GMCs (except to FHA), and were less likely to have sero-protective antibody levels compared to HIV-unexposed group. Also, post-booster and at 24 months of age, GMC were generally higher in HIV-unexposed than ART-Immed children, and a higher percentage of HIV-unexposed than ART-Immed children maintained antibody levels ≥1IU/ml to TT and DT at 24 months of age. The GMCs and percentage of children with sero-protective thresholds were similar pre-booster and at 24 months of age between HIV-unexposed and HEU children. Antibody kinetics and response to measles virus vaccine: At 7.3 weeks of age, the proportion with sero-protective titers was higher in HIV-unexposed (65.2%) compared to any HIV-infected group (range: 16.7% to 41.8%); but dropped to <17% in all Groups at age 19.6 weeks. Twenty-eight weeks following the first measles-vaccine, ART/12m were less likely to have sero-protective titers (79.3%) compared to HIV-unexposed (94.8%; p<0.001), ART-Def (95.7%; p=0.003) or ART/24m (92.1%; p=0.02). Although the proportion with sero-protective levels were similar between groups immediately post-booster dose, this was lower in HEU (79.6%; p=0.002) and ART/12m (80.3%; p=0.01) compared to HIV-unexposed (94.3%) 41-weeks later. Conclusion: Primary vaccination with DTwP-HibCV/HBV of HIV-infected children initiated on early-ART confers similar immunity compared to HIV-unexposed children. HIV-infected children had poor anamnestic responses, if ART was not initiated prior to primary vaccination. In contrast, the memory response and persistence of antibody to most vaccine epitopes were similar between HIV-unexposed and HEU children. Increased waning of vaccine induced immunity over a 24 month period in ART-Def, ART/12m and HEU children following MV booster-dose; indicating the need for further booster doses after two-years of age in these children. I recommend close monitoring of HEU children, as this group makes up most children born to HIV-infected mothers and what facets of the immune system have been impacted by maternal exposure to HIV.en_ZA
dc.description.librarianMT2017en_ZA
dc.format.extentOnline resource (xxv, 293 leaves)
dc.identifier.citationSimani, Omphile Elizabeth (2017) Effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment with antiretroviral therapy on immunological responses to childhood vaccines, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, <http://hdl.handle.net/10539/23153>
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10539/23153
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.subject.meshHIV
dc.subject.meshHIV Infections--drug therapy
dc.subject.meshAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome--drug therapy
dc.subject.meshAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
dc.titleEffects of human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment with antiretroviral therapy on immunological responses to childhood vaccinesen_ZA
dc.typeThesisen_ZA
Files
Original bundle
Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
No Thumbnail Available
Name:
OESimani_335186_PhDThesis.pdf
Size:
9.22 MB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Description:
Download
License bundle
Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
No Thumbnail Available
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.71 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description:
Download
Collections
ETD Collection