3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item The historical development of the commemoration of the June 16, 1976 Soweto students' uprisings: a study of re-representation, commemoration and collective memory(2015-09-02) Hlongwane, Ali KhangelaSouth Africa’s post-apartheid era has, in a space of nearly two decades, experienced a massive memory boom manifest in a plethora of new memorials, monuments, museums and the renaming of streets, parks, dams and buildings. This memorialisation process is intrinsically linked to questions of power, struggles and contestation in the making and remaking of the South African nation. The questions of power, struggle and contestation manifest as a wave of debates on the place of history, collective memory, identity and social cohesion in the inception as well as the functioning of the various memorialisation projects in society. This thesis concludes that debates concerning the meaning(s) as well as the way in which the June 16, 1976 uprisings have been memorialized, has been ongoing for the last three decades, and will continue into the future. This, as the findings bear out, is because the wider contextual situating of collective memory in its intangible and tangible form is intrinsically linked to complex experiences of the past; to ongoing experiments of a “nation” in the making, as well as pressing contemporary social challenges. The thesis also concludes that questions of power, struggle and contestation also manifest as a quest for relevant idioms and aesthetics of re-representation and memorialisation. Further, the thesis makes observations on the politics behind the assembling and the assembled archive as a toolkit in the fashioning of pasts and the making of collective memory. It reflects on the processes of re-thinking and remaking of the June 16, 1976 archive. These conclusions have been arrived at through an investigation of how the memory and meaning of the June 16, 1976 uprisings have been re-constructed, re-represented and fashioned over the last three decades. This was done by tracking and analysing the complex, diverse forms and character of its memorialisation. In the process, the study arrives at a conclusion that the memorialisation of the June 16, 1976 uprisings is characterised by the multiplicity of tangible and intangible features. The intangible features are characterised by forgetting, at one level, and are, on another level, animated through rituals of commemoration, counter- commemoration and memorial debate. The memorial debate on the uprisings is that of unity and diversity, division, contestation and counter-commemoration and essentially irresolvable, as history and memory are tools to address contemporary challenges.Item Socio-cultural and behavioral determinants of condom use among youths in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2008-07-15T13:38:59Z) Chandiwana, Nomathemba ChiwonesoIntroduction South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS. Of particular concern, new infections among young people, especially young women and girls are on the rise. Despite widespread awareness and prevention campaigns, the prevalence of HIV and deaths caused by AIDS are still on the increase, whereas condom use particularly in rural areas remains low. Consistent condom use is central to the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, HIV and other STIs, yet young men and women alike are hesitant to use condoms because of threats to their relationships, cultural roles and at times economic survival. Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify socio-cultural and behavioral factors that influence condom use among youths in Limpopo province, South Africa. This adds to a growing body of knowledge on the determinants of condom use and how they might shape effective HIV prevention programs. Objectives 1. To conduct a secondary data analysis that examines the determinants of condom use, for men and women separately in relation to the following factors: Socio-demographic characteristics- age, education, marital status, migration and iv socio-economic status Sexual behavior characteristics- partnership type (spousal, non spousal, or both), age at sexual debut, number of lifetime sexual partners, contraceptive use (females only) and HIV-status Socio-cultural characteristics - perceived risk of HIV infection, condom self efficacy (males only), partner communication on sex, condoms, HIV and other STI’s, beliefs on gender norms, attitudes towards gender violence, knowledge on HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS related stigma To compare the results of this analysis to other national studies on condom use among young people. To use the results of this analysis to make recommendations to improve HIV control in rural South Africa.Methods This study is a secondary analysis of data collected from a sample of 2236 sexually active young people aged between 14-35 years in Limpopo province, South Africa. The data used in this study is part of a wider public health intervention, the Intervention with Micro-finance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) study. STATA 8.0 was used to analyze data in bivariate and multivariate analyses to assess determinants of consistent condom use and condom use at last sex for males and females separately as the patterns of associations are likely to differ between them. Results Overall condom use in this population was low: less than a quarter of respondents used condoms consistently and less than one third of men and women used condoms at last sex. This is especially true of females, married couples and those who have multiple partners. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of consistent condom use for both sexes included good communication, older age at sexual debut, low risk perception of HIV infection, progressive attitudes towards gender violence and high HIV-related stigma. High condom self-efficacy, defined as the intention to pick up or purchase condoms with the intention of use, was the most powerful predictor of both condom use indices among males. Among females only, having fewer than three lifetime sexual partners was positively associated with using condoms consistently. Lastly, females who used condoms as their main method of contraception were up to 20 times more likely to use them consistently and at last sex. Conclusions HIV prevention programmes in this population should focus on delaying sexual debut, increasing perceived risk of HIV infection, encouraging partner communication, making condoms more easily accessible to young men and addressing gender inequalities. Furthermore, the dual protection offered by condoms against unwanted pregnancies and against HIV and other STI’s should be emphasized in this population as it plays an important role in the prevention of HIV.Item Common lower extremity injuries in female high school soccer players in Johannesburg east district(2008-03-25T10:10:05Z) Mtshali, Primrose Theodorah SiphesihleABSTRACT Common lower extremity injuries in female high school soccer players in Johannesburg east district Mtshali P.T.S. Background and purpose of research As the number of females participating in sports has increased, so has the necessity of understanding the effect of female growth and development in participation, athletic ability and injury patterns. Soccer is one of the sports where South Africa has seen an increase of youth and adult females’ participation. Aim: To establish the prevalence of and extrinsic risk factors contributing to injuries in the lower extremity in female high school soccer players in the Johannesburg east district. Method: A retrospective descriptive questionnaire – based study of 103 first team high school female soccer players in the Johannesburg east district was conducted. This was to determine point and one year prevalence of injuries, profile of injuries that affect female soccer players, associations between injuries and player position, age, use of equipment, frequency of play, and training duration and also to identify possible risk factors that contribute to injuries. Results: The one year prevalence of injured players was 46.1% and point prevalence was 37.8%. Knee injuries (18.6%) and ankle injuries (17.6%) were reported for one year prevalence and for point prevalence knee injuries were 13.3% and ankle injuries 18.9%. An extended duration of skills (p=0.0001) and fitness (p=0.02) training in this population reduced the likelihood of incurring an injury and the older (p=0.01) the players, the more chances of sustaining injuries. The players who wore shin guards were less prone to shin/leg injuries (p=0.01) and the relative odds were 0.35 (CI 0.16-0.79). The midfielders had more foot and toe injuries (p = 0.05). Starting age (p=0.78), frequency of play (p=0.83) wearing of shoes (p=0.54) and stretching had no influence on injury. Conclusion: The knee and ankle were the main locations of injury with defenders and midfielders mostly being injured. The increased duration of training for both skills and fitness and not wearing shin guards are risk factors for injury in female soccer players in high school.