3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item Policing gender dissidence: a study on the increase of institutionalized gender repression- the 2014 anti-homosexuality bills of Uganda and Nigeria(2015-08-21) Morobane, FaraiIn the first two months of 2014, LGBTI rights were dealt heavy blows in two African countries. On 7 January, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan signed into law a bill that criminalises same-sex unions, with prison sentences of up to fourteen years. This same law sentences any person or organisation that funds in any way the registration and operation of gay organisations, clubs, or societies to a prison sentence of ten years. A month later, the president of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, officially assented to a more draconian bill which imposes penalties as high as life imprisonment for people engaging in consensual same-sex sexual activity. There has been a stark increase in the passing of repressive gender laws on the continent in the last decade. This is a qualitative inductive study that sets out to research the factors causing the increase of gender repressive law making in African states between 2009 and 2014. The study sets out to dissect the 2014 Anti-homosexuality bills of 2014 in Uganda and Nigeria as case studies. Using a multi-layered analysis approach the study tests out the influences leading to the increase of LGBTI intolerant laws categorised into national, regional and international impacts. I argue that strategic national interests are central in explaining the frequency, urgency and intensity of anti-homosexuality vitriol in some African states.Item Female genital cutting and sexual behaviour in Kenya and Nigeria.(2014-09-08) Mpofu, SibonginkosiContext: This study seeks to examine the relationship between female genital cutting (FGC) and the sexual behavior of women in Kenya and Nigeria. Although research evidence has shown that female genital cutting is a serious problem in many countries and needs to be eradicated, prevalence in many countries remains high. One of the reasons given for the continuation of this harmful practice, despite widespread global campaigns against it, is that it is deemed an essential aspect of grooming the female child in preparation for marriage. It is supposed to control female sexuality thereby ensuring that a girl remains a virgin until marriage and it enhances her chances of marriage. Little research has been carried out to evaluate how far FGC tempers the sexual behavior of women. Methods: The study uses the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey of 2008/09 as well as the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey of 2008. The population being examined is sexually active women who knew about circumcision and were thus asked if they had been circumcised or not to which the response was either yes or no. The sample size for Kenya is 5 187 women while in Nigeria it is 12 253 women. The study hypothesis is that there is a difference in the sexual behaviour of women who are circumcised and those who are not circumcised. Multiple linear regression, logistic regression as well as Poisson regression were used examine the effect of selected predictor variables on sexual behaviour. The outcome variable is sexual behavior which was measured using age at first intercourse as well total lifetime number of sexual partners. Findings: The study results suggest that there is no association between female genital cutting and the sexual behaviour of women in Kenya and Nigeria. There was no difference in the age at which women first engage in sexual intercourse and in the number of sexual partners for women who were circumcised and those who were not. Thus there is no scientific evidence that the practice of FGC could control the sexual activities of women. Conclusions: Female genital cutting does not have any effect on the sexual behaviour of women in Kenya and Nigeria. There is no difference in the sexual behaviour of women who are circumcised and those who are not circumcised in both countries. This is an indication that FGC does not serve the purpose it is purported to serve and should therefore be eradicated.Item Correlates of contraceptive non-use among married women in Nigeria.(2014-09-05) Fisayo, Popoola TitilopeContraceptive non-use by women has been linked to negative reproductive health outcomes such as obstetric complications, abortions, and maternal morbidity and mortality. These poor outcomes mostly arise from unintended pregnancies. With focus on married women non-users, this study examined the factors influencing non-use of contraception in Nigeria. The research identified a number of important characteristics which could predispose married women in Nigeria to non-use of contraceptive. Data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) was utilized. The target population comprised all females aged 15-49 years who were interviewed and responded to questions on contraceptive use. The sample size was 23,954 which were made up of all married women in the country except for infecund, pregnant and sterilized women. The outcome variable was measured using current contraceptive use which was dichotomized: not using contraceptive coded as (1) and using contraceptive coded as (0). Logistic regression was used for the analysis. 20,983 married women (88% of the study population) reported that they are contraceptive non-users. Of these, the following characteristics of married women had higher odds of contraceptive non-use. Women who want more children within 2years, unsure of timing and undecided had higher odds (2.17) of contraceptive non-use, women who are 35 years and above (1.80), women who are from North West, North East and North Central (5.35, 2.95, 1.64, respectively), women who are Muslims (1.43) had higher odds of contraceptive non-use in Nigeria. The association remained statistically significant for women’s wealth index, number of living children, occupation, and place of residence, partner’s education and educational level of women. And all these were also observed to have effect on the non-use of contraceptive. Non-use of contraceptive among married women in Nigeria differs between women possibly because of region, religion, fertility intention, and age difference. These findings indicate areas that reproductive health policies and programmes should focus on in order to increase contraceptive uptake among married women in Nigeria. .Item Determinants of postnatal care non-utilization among women in Nigeria.(2014-08-22) Oluwaseyi, Somefun DolapoAlthough, there are several programs in place in Nigeria to ensure maternal and child health, maternal and neonatal mortality rates remain high with maternal mortality rates being 560/100,000 and neonatal mortality rates at 40/1,000 live births. While there are many studies on the utilization of maternal health services such as antenatal care and skilled delivery at birth, studies on postnatal care are rare. While efficient utilisation of postnatal care services has been proven to reduce morbidity and mortality among mothers and their newborns, the uptake of this service is low in Nigeria. Thus, identification of the factors that are associated with non-utilization of postnatal care services could shed light on what needs to be done to improve the uptake of the services in Nigeria and assist the country in achieving the MDG4 and MDG 5 targets of bringing down the levels of child and maternal mortality. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the factors associated with the non-utilization of postnatal care among mothers in Nigeria. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional data from 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study. For analysis, the postnatal care uptake for 28,647 children born in the five years preceding the survey was considered. The dependent variable was a composite variable derived from a list of questions on postnatal care. Mothers who received postnatal care were coded as (0) while mothers who did not receive postnatal care were coded as (1). Child’s characteristics and mother's characteristics were used as the explanatory variables. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the patterns of postnatal care nonutilization by selected characteristics of mothers and children in the country. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with postnatal care non-utilization in Nigeria at bivariate and multivariate levels. Results: Results showed that 96% of the mothers of the 28,647 children did not utilize postnatal care services in the period examined. About 50% of the study population between 25-34 years did not utilize postnatal care and 46% of the women who did not utilize postnatal care had no education. Results from multivariate logistic regression show that accessibility, antenatal care use, birth size, education, place of delivery and region are significantly associated with the non-utilization of postnatal care services. Women who received antenatal care had lower odds (OR=0.23, 95% CI=1.09-1.87) of not utilizing postnatal care services. Also mothers of children who were smaller than average at birth had higher odds (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.09- 1.87) of not utilizing postnatal care services. Conclusions: This study revealed the low uptake of postnatal care service in Nigeria. To increase mothers’ utilization of postnatal care services and improve maternal and child health in Nigeria, interventions should be targeted at mothers who deliver children that have low birth weight and great attention should be given to the women outside the South West region especially the Northern region of the country. In addition, it is crucial that steps should be taken on educating women. This would have a significant influence on their perceptions about the use of postnatal care services in Nigeria.Item Customer Relationship Management (CRM) implementation within the banking and mobile telephony sectors of Nigeria and South Africa(2014-02-21) Chinje, Nathalie BeatriceIn recent years, emerging markets have become the main “engine of global (economic) growth” (Spence, 2011, p. 8) . Whilst the rapid diffusion of its banking and mobile telephony industries has been unprecedented and well documented in the literature (Bankole, Bankole, & Brown, 2011; Bick, Brown, & Abratt, 2004; Brahima, 2012; Kalba, 2008), the dearth of empirically based evidence on CRM implementation in emerging markets in general, and Nigeria and South Africa (SA) in particular, remains undisputed (Kumar, Sunder, & Ramaseshan, 2011; Sheth, 2011). Consequently, the problem this research addresses is the lack of adaptation of CRM strategies to the emerging market context and the lack of understanding of contingency factors that may inhibit or enable the effectiveness of CRM implementation in companies. To provide further insights into this issue, sixty six (66), one-on-one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with CRM strategy developers, implementers and those fulfilling both roles in four companies across the banking and mobile telephony sectors of Nigeria and South Africa. Secondary data were also collected and triangulated with the findings derived from the primary research to enhance the rigour of this research process; and most importantly, to strengthen the reliability and validity of the research findings. The collected data was recorded, transcribed and analysed using a contact summary form and MAXQDA analysis, a qualitative data analysis software package. The research findings illustrate that whilst some of the factors for CRM effectiveness in Nigeria and South Africa may be consistent with those in high income, industrialized markets, the peculiarities of Nigeria and South Africa require that companies adapt their CRM strategies to the local context. The contingency factors that can either impede on or enhance effective CRM implementation in these countries include (a) multichannel integration (particularly informal channel and social media), (b) operating structure, (c) training and staff recruitment v practices, (d) customer data storage and mining capabilities as well as (e) normative motives linked with the socio-cultural context of the country. The similarities and differences between Nigeria and South Africa are also highlighted in this study. The originality of this study lies in it clearly defining the peculiarities of CRM in emerging markets, thereby establishing that these markets are different from high income, industrialized markets. In addition, this study identifies the contingency factors that can enhance or impede on CRM success in these markets and puts forward a set of research propositions as well as a conceptual model for CRM implementation in emerging markets as a contribution to the body of knowledge. This CRM conceptual model can be tested in future research. Building on these findings, the study makes suggestions on how the strategy of CRM can be adapted to the emerging market context. It proposes that companies assess their CRM readiness through the application of a newly developed heat map that takes into consideration the company lifestage and its industry saturation level. This heat map is a useful tool for organisations to ascertain whether or not they are ready to embark upon the CRM programme, to better understand the required efforts needed to deliver on a successful CRM programme as well as the expected timelines for true benefits realisation. Moreover, another contribution of this research is the development of a CRM index, a composite index of 16 indicators that measures CRM success across three dimensions; namely organisational, institutional and customer data. Furthermore, the novelty of this research can also be found in the triangulation of theories such as the contingency, institutional, and Hofstede’s fifth national value dimensions of culture that focuses on a short vs. long-term orientation of cultures and companies, are integrated into a single study. vi This study has theoretical, managerial, conceptual, methodological and societal implications. Future research could include other geographies, industries, a longitudinal study and quantitative studies based on the testing of the proposed CRM conceptual model and index.Item Independence as an effective pillar to regulation in the Nigerian telecommunications sector(2012-09-19) Fufore, Abbas MohammedRegulator independence has been widely acknowledged by a large segment of experts as significant for the growth and development of the telecoms industry. However, the impact of regulatory independence on industry growth has not been prominently analysed from the perspective of developing countries. This study was therefore conceived and designed to determine whether the degree of independence of the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) has had any effect on the growth and development of the telecoms industry in Nigeria. The parameters for regulator independence examined include; stability of tenure, relationship between the regulator and the various arms of government, fiscal and organisational autonomy, regulator legitimacy as well as the regulator authority to regulate. While the parameters for growth examined include: access to service, usage of service, geographical spread, and quality of service, competition and pricing. A connection between the degree of regulator independence and industry growth and development was subsequently established. A descriptive method of analysis was adopted using the TRE technique of assessment and the study confirmed that the NCC is fairly/reasonably independent. Furthermore, evidence from both primary and secondary sources indicated a remarkable but modest growth and development in the Nigeria telecoms industry from 2001 to 2010. The study found that Nigeria’s communication sector development was positively affected by the degree of independence of the regulator and government policy choices in the 1990s. The result of this study may be an indicator of the success of the telecoms market liberalisation programme embarked upon by the Nigerian government. ii The telecoms market liberalisation facilitated the entry of many telecoms companies providing various services as a result of which Nigeria attracted considerable foreign investments making the country one of the fastest growing and biggest telecoms market in Africa. As a consequence of this development, the mobile sector of the telecoms industry has seen triple digit growth rates for five years in a row since competition was introduced. A number of additional players have also entered the market under a new unified licensing regime which is expected to boost the country’s underdeveloped Internet and broadband sector. Third generation mobile and wireless broadband services are being rolled out at a rapid pace. All this development is supposedly as a result of the creation of an independent regulator, the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC). On the other hand, this study shows that regulatory independence by itself is not a sufficient condition to promote sector growth. This is because, despite the fact that the study found the regulator (NCC) to be fairly and reasonably independent, Nigeria remains at relatively moderate levels of market penetration ― around 50% ― as reported by Baez and Kechiche (2010, p.5).Item Natural resources and the crisis of nation-building in Africa: the case of oil and violence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria(2012-03-13) Orievulu, Kingsley StephenThe preponderance of intrastate violent conflicts in natural resource rich states has been attributed to a number of causal mechanisms. Theorists of conflicts thus tend to explain these conflicts using different approaches, notably path dependency and rational choice. These approaches examine issues such as ethnicity and political marginalization, weak but repressive state capacity, strategic dilemmas, foreign instigators of conflict, and the very pervasive theory of the resource curse. Natural resources usually lie at the heart of many of these conflicts and the resource curse theory has helped explain the effects of states’ dependence on the primary resource sector. This resource curse is therefore corroborated by the rational choice approach which insists that economic incentives explain the upsurge in rebellious activities within natural resource rich but poor and dependent states, especially in Africa. This research interrogates the rational choice approach of Collier and Hoeffler against the backdrop of issues in the Niger Delta conflict. It argues that the greed versus grievance theory remains inadequate in the light of the historical and sociological circumstances underlying political struggles in the region. The research report concludes that an integrated but eclectic approach be applied in the study of this crisis.Item Risk factors for perinatal mortality in Nigeria: the role of place of delivery and delivery assistants(2009-03-24T12:32:13Z) Oji, Oti SamuelBackground: This study examines the association between place of delivery, delivery assistants and perinatal mortality in Nigeria. Previous studies have found these factors to be associated with the risk of perinatal mortality. This study therefore aims to determine the extent to which these two factors predict perinatal mortality in the Nigerian context as this information will be useful in informing health policy decisions and actions in so far as a desirable reduction in childhood mortality in Nigeria is concerned. Methods: This study uses cross sectional design through secondary analysis of the 2003 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The variables representing place of delivery and delivery assistants have been fitted into logistic regression models to determine their association with perinatal mortality. Several other known risk factors for perinatal mortality such as maternal education and birth weight, to mention a few, have also been investigated using the logistic regression analysis. Results: 5783 live singleton births were analyzed with 194 newborns dying within the first seven days of life giving an early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) of 33.5 per 1000 and an estimated perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) of 72.4 per 1000 live births. The results also show that place of delivery [p=0.8777] and delivery assistants [p=0.3812] are not significantly associated with perinatal mortality even after disaggregating the analysis by rural and urban areas. However being small in size at birth [AOR= 2.13, CI=1.41 – 3.21], female [AOR=0.57, CI= 0.42 – 0.77] and having a mother who practiced traditional religion [AOR= 4.37, CI= 2.31 – 8.26], were all significantly associated with perinatal mortality. Conclusions: Place of delivery and delivery assistants are not good predictors of perinatal mortality in the Nigerian context. However various limitations of the study design used such as the issue of uncontrolled confounding may have affected the findings. Nonetheless, the increased risk of perinatal deaths in small babies and the decreased risk of death among female babies are consistent with other studies and have both been attributed elsewhere to biologic mechanisms.Item Beyond adolescents : The study of sexual behaviour of middle-aged men in Nigeria(2008-12-01T11:32:00Z) Atolagbe, Afolabi SulaimonStudies on sexual behaviour in Nigeria have rather been lopsided largely focussing on adolescents while neglecting the older men. This may not be unconnected with the fact that the young people are often seen as being more sexually active than the older men. In this study, the patterns and the determinants of sexual behaviour of middle-aged men were investigated. This study is based on secondary data analysis of the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey male dataset. Data collected from a sample of 633 men whose ages fall between 40 and 59 years in Nigeria were extracted and analysed to achieve the set objectives. The variables of interest were analysed by using relevant statistical techniques with the aid of SAS enterprise guide. Sexual behaviour was measured by three variables namely: current sexual activity, extra marital partnership and condom use. Also, three hypotheses were tested. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was the theoretical model used for this study. The study shows that a high proportion of men (71.2%) aged 40-59 years in Nigeria are sexually active. The study further reveals that about 12% of Nigerian middle-aged men engage in extramarital sex and 30% are in polygynous relationships (i.e. have multiple sex partners) while condom use is very low among them. Extramarital sex is more prevalent in the rural (7.05%) than urban (4.5%) areas. The study shows that the correlates of current sexual activity among the middle-aged men in Nigeria are education and religion while engagement in extramarital sexual activity is determined by ethnicity, age at first intercourse and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Among the sexually active ones, condom use is influenced by ethnicity, marriage type and extramarital partnership. The sexual behaviour of middle-aged men in Nigeria follows the pattern described in the HBM. That is, individual, socio-economic and HIV/AIDS factors can influence the sexual behaviour of Middle-aged men. The study concludes that in addressing the problems associated with sexual and reproductive health of Nigerian, focus should also be extended to middle-aged men, instead of the narrow focus on only adolescents and youths. Further investigation, using multiple methods of data collection is also suggested.Item Agenda- setting: The neglected role of some agents of power-propaganda (rumour,gossip,religion. .)(2007-03-01T11:53:24Z) Opuamie-Ngoa, Stanley NariboThis study responds to the generalization by traditional agenda setting or media effects studies, especially media agenda-setting hypothesis that people accept as important whatever the media considers to be so; and being so, have the capability to structure issues for its audience. Also, the thesis is uncomfortable with the media’s blanket use of the term ‘mass’ to refer to its audience particularly when considered against the background of Africa’s rurality. This study therefore is an attempt to stake out a new conceptual approach to the media’s agenda-setting capabilities with an emphasis on the ‘other neglected agents of power’, that is, this study’s proposition as ‘the established structures of community’ in Africa, especially rural Africa, in setting be it the media or ‘territorial’ agenda. Using the multifaceted and predominantly qualitative methodology of histories and the triangular orientation of personal interviews, survey questionnaires and content scanning of relevant media, the thesis amongst other issues of conceptual relevance re-awakens the theoretical issue of ‘whose agenda is the media agenda?” and whether the media and its agenda setting capabilities are not an urban phenomenon? The universality and applicability of the theory especially in Africa’s rural setting where language, illiteracy, poverty and the lack of access to modern media constitute obvious barriers is also a major concern of this study. With the above as a background, the three part (I – conceptual framing of the problem and relevant issues, ii – a proposition and iii – data presentation and research findings) study then agues, proposes and concludes that: [a] Media agenda is ‘source’ oriented as its sources quite often are identifiable and that, the media serves better (as against the overwhelming claim of agenda-setting) as a conduit or arena for contending issues, views, opinions, even sentiments; there is therefore no significant category of intellectual analysis called media agenda, at least, in Nigeria. [b] Media is urban based and centred, urban driven and even urban cultured …it is simply an urban phenomenon. [c] Indeed there are significant indicators that the ‘established structures of community’ functions and play major roles both in setting the media-agenda (where there is one) and in political power dynamics. [d] Media agenda is plausible but an ‘uncertain’ agenda; in Africa, especially rural Africa.