3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item Representation Dilemmas in Civil Society Organisations in Global Health Donor Resource Prioritisation Decisions: the case of PEPFAR in South Africa(2019) Banda, Amanda ChawoJuxtaposing citizen and civil society representation in a democracy, some scholars assert that civil society organisations assume representation in their public interest advocacy work on behalf of marginalized populations. They argue that civil society organisations lack formal members or constituents to authorise and hold them accountable as representatives. I conducted a study to understand the representation dilemmas in civil society organisations in global health donor resources prioritisation decisions looking at the case of United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in South Africa between 2016 and 2018. Specifically, I assessed, what and who gives civil society authority to speak on the citizens’ behalf, how they are held accountable by the people they represent and how internally democratic civil society organisations are. A mixed method of questionnaire and in-depth interviews was used. In some cases, I observed some meetings and engagement processes between PEPFAR and civil society organisations. Using a purposive sampling method, a total of ten participants were interviewed. One was working for PEPFAR and nine participants were staff who ‘represent’ people living with HIV in their participation in the PEPFAR’s resource prioritisation processes. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse and interpret the interviews. Democratic theory, particularly examining the concept of representation, was the theoretical framework used to guide the discourse and interpretation of the research study. The study suggests that there was both authorised, delegated as well as assumed representation in the PEPFAR resource prioritisation. There is either formal independent electoral systems in place to elect and appoint representatives or membership based structures. The study found deep polarisation of civil society organisations. On one camp is a group with formal electoral systems group engaging in an ‘invited’ space through the SANAC Civil Society Forum. On the other is a camp with membership based structures participating in an ‘invented’ space. I argue while there are deep internal democratic flaws and gaps, there was no evidence of the impact of this polarisation on the legitimacy of the representation work done by both camps. In both camps, accountability and responsiveness mechanisms exist but are very weak. The study found participation remains very elite with those in Director role engaging with PEPFAR every week. Two out of the eight representatives were in contact at least once every two to three months, another two were in contact once every six months with the remaining four in contact once every twelve months only for the consultation processes. I argue that representatives’ participation in the process is only for compliance of the requirements of the process. There was no little evidence of issues raised by the representatives translate into changes to the initial proposed prioritisation of resources, design of programmes, and monitoring of implementation.Item How can Just War Theory help us assess a notion of legitimacy applied to the actions of non-state actors in conflict situations?(2015-08-25) Mbuya, Nkulu JoelleThe formulation of International Law has been greatly driven by Western principles. These principles have been applied to the world at large as a result of the continuing hegemony of the global north. Consequently, what is deemed to be just and unjust, legitimate and illegitimate in international relations is dictated by these set standards that have been reified throughout history. Sovereign states, as realist theorist tend to emphasize, are at the core of international relations. One of the basic premises of Realism is that the absence of central authority in the international system is bound to lead to conflict. Various international relations theorists have contributed to this literature in their attempts to unpack causes, solutions and justifications for war. The United Nations Charter provides perhaps the most concrete guidelines and codifications of proper state conduct in the pursuit of peace and order and the resolution of conflicts. However, with the progression of history, the nature of conflict in international relations has experienced various changes. One of these changes worth analysing is the shift away from states as single most important actors in a conflict-prone international context. As a matter of fact, the recent history of international relations has been marked by the rise of non-state actors. This research paper seeks to investigate this shift by revisiting Just War Theory against non-state actors in conflict in Africa using the cases of the Mai Mai Bakata Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Pirates in Somlia’s Gulf of Aden.