3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item Struggling on the periphery for survival: the impact of the Lowveld Sugar Estates on the Shangane environment in south-east Zimbabwe, 1951-2008(2022-03) Makanyisa, IshmaelThe discourse of development studies literature in Africa has of late concentrated more on the involuntary and voluntary displacements, planned and unplanned resettlements, compensated or uncompensated displaced people of relatively large ethnic groups, but pays little attention to the post-eviction ecology, their livelihoods and social and political landscapes of the historically marginalised minority groups who were also affected by the large scale technological developments of sugar plantations. The post-eviction era of such groups has escaped the attention of many scholars of development-induced displacements. It is, against this backdrop, that this study seeks to explore the history of the establishment of the Lowveld Sugar Estates in south-east Zimbabwe and its impact on the Shangane people who were geographically and linguistically alienated from the entire nation by the colonial state. Using a mix of both primary and secondary sources, the study specifically examines the way the establishment of the Triangle, Hippo Valley and Mkwasine Sugar Estates affected the ecology, livelihoods, social, political and religious institutions of the Shangane people who fell within Chief Tshovani’s traditional boundaries. The main thrust of this thesis is that the forced movement of the Shangane people and the subsequent reluctance by the administration of the Lowveld Sugar Estates to accord them alternative options for resettlement engendered poverty and underdevelopment. This had also much to do with the written or unwritten company policy to realise maximum profits by, among other things, ensuring cost minimisation at the expense of the poor. Though the Lowveld was occasionally affected by droughts, it should, however, be observed that the Shangane people had developed their own indigenous coping mechanisms (see p.81 of this thesis) on how to deal with the adverse climate shocks which, sometimes, prevailed in the region, had it not been for the forced displacement which exposed them to poverty. Elsewhere across the globe, there is overwhelming evidence that the large ethnic groups who were displaced to pave way for national projects, such as dam construction and irrigation schemes, were at least resettled. Even the Tonga of the Zambezi were resettled on either side of the river, following the construction of a dam at Kariba. On the contrary, the minority groups, with the same predicament as the Shangane, were not officially considered for resettlement, but had rather embarked on what may be termed ‘self-resettlement.’ This was a situation whereby the evicted Shangane people sought to salvage sustenance by relocating themselves to areas already inhabited by other people. Thus, the marginalised Shangane people struggled from the periphery for survival since the colonial period. Therefore, poverty among the Shangane people was accelerated by their forced removal and the reluctance by the colonial state and the capitalist sugar company to allocate them alternative productive land for resettlement. In the same vein, the post-colonial state also failed to provide the Shangane inhabitants with the long- anticipated poverty relief through its indigenisation policy related to its reform programmes, manifested through its malfunctioning economic policies which hardly created jobs and other livelihood opportunities. Moreover, the activities of the colonial and post-colonial regimes also created, for the Shangane, a legacy of environmental degradation as they struggled to salvage sustainable livelihoods.Item The impact of the Gwembe Tonga Development Project on the Gwembe people(2009-06-12T11:41:23Z) Musonda, Brenda LuluABSTRACT The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the Gwembe Tonga Development Project (GTDP) on the Gwembe Tonga (GT) people. The GT people were displaced in 1956 to pave way for the construction of the Kariba Dam that would increase the electricity supply to the mines in the Copperbelt and farmers. The number of people displaced was 57, 000 and they were not adequately resettled, rehabilitated and compensated. The GTDP was created in 1996 with the main objective to mitigate the negative impacts that the GT people have endured from the time they were displaced to date. A review of international literature on dams has indicated that dam constructions have led to displacement of the poor and marginalized people. Over 40 million people have been displaced worldwide. As shown in the literature review, are case studies that demonstrate the impacts of dams on people. In this study there six countries that have been listed namely India, China, Lesotho, Togo, Mozambique and Zambia. The people in these countries have experienced similar problems in terms of inadequate compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation. It is also noted that these dams leave a negative impact on the local community and environment. Development projects are equated with a general process of modernization where developed nations’ ways of conducting its affairs have been adopted by the developing countries to boost their economic development. This study has also looked at the developmental theories that the developing countries have adopted for economic transformation of both natural and built environments through construction of projects such as dams, roads, irrigation systems, pipelines, and energy resources, aimed eventually at generating and supporting both agricultural and industrial growth, and with them, increased national incomes. These large-scale development projects frequently make references to benefit the general population but experience has shown that the social costs of these projects are often borne by the indigent rural communities.