3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item Assessing the fidelity and determinants of implementation: A case of active TB case-finding and IPT initiation among PLHIV attending HIV clinics in Ghana(2022) Narh-Bana, Solomon AyerteyBackground. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 global TB report, until the COVID19 pandemic, reported that TB was above HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death from a single agent. TB is known to account for about 33% of all deaths associated with HIV. The risk of contracting TB is approximately 10-37 folds higher among PLHIV. Ghana, faced with the TB and HIV epidemic, implemented the WHO’s TB/HIV collaborative policy guidelines to lessen the burden of TB among PLHIV. Active TB case-finding through TB screening and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) initiation among PLHIV is one essential intervention in the policy. Since the implementation of the intervention over two decades, screening targets have not been achieved. Information on the coverage of TB screening among PLHIV HIV visiting HIV clinics in Ghana is available. This information indicated that, despite the impact of TB in HIV-positive people, TB screening coverage among HIV clients has been low and fluctuated a few years after the implementation of the TB screening intervention among HIV clients. But there is no information on fidelity and determinants of implementing the intervention of TB screening among PLHIV, which is a crucial factor in determining the success of implementation. If available, information on implementation outcomes such as fidelity (adherence to guidelines), and implementation barriers can help identify the bottlenecks to successful implementation, and inform strategies for improving implementation processes and outcomes to achieve successful intervention outcomes. Therefore, this PhD thesis aims to 1) assess the fidelity of the active TB case-finding through TB screening IPT initiation intervention among PLHIV attending HIV clinics in Ghana, and 2) explore implementation determinants of the TB screening intervention among PLHIV attending HIV clinics in Ghana. This is to provide context-relevant evidence that could inform the design of appropriate implementation strategies for supporting or strengthening implementation efforts in Ghana. The specific objectives included: determining the provider level fidelity to clinical protocols of the intervention; evaluating the influence of moderating factors on provider fidelity of the intervention; determining the facility level fidelity to the intervention; comparing the moderating factors by facility level; determine an overall implementation fidelity using a composite of provider and facility level guidelines of the intervention, and exploring the determinants of implementation of the intervention among PLHIV attending HIV care clinics in Ghana. Methods. The research was cross-sectional and explorative, conducted in 27 selected district hospitals with HIV or ART centres in Ghana. These 27 hospitals were purposively selected because, in the year 2018, they were identified to have started the initiation of IPT among HIV clients who have been confirmed of not having TB in Ghana. Fidelity was assessed at the provider, facility and combined levels. Items in the guideline related to the providers were grouped into three components (TB diagnosis – 10, TB awareness – 4, TB symptoms questionnaire – 2 items). At the facility level, the items were grouped into four components - intensive TB case-finding among PLHIV (ITCF) 5 items, IPT initiation (IPT) 3 items, TB infection control (TIC) 5 items and programme review meeting (PRM) 5 items. A summation of items score was used to determine fidelity scores. A computed median fidelity score was used in this study as the cut-off point due to lack of reference for determining what constituted a high-level fidelity or a low-level fidelity. Opportunity-based weighting approach was used to assess the combined fidelity. In addition, we conducted Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Indepth Interviews (IDIs) to explore the determinants of implementation of the intervention. Results. A total of 226 HIV healthcare providers and 27 facility managers were interviewed. Also, 8 FGDs with HIV healthcare providers and 17 IDIs with TB/HIV coordinators were conducted. At the provider level, 60% (135) of the HIV healthcare provider were females, and their mean age was 34.5 years (SD=8.3). Majority were clinicians [63% (142)] and had obtained post-secondary non-tertiary educational level [62% (141)]. The proportion of the healthcare providers categorized to have implemented the intervention with high fidelity was 53% (119). Also, 56% (126), 53% (120), and 59% (134) of them implemented the TB diagnosis, TB awareness and TB symptoms questionnaire components, respectively, with high fidelity., Female healthcare providers (AOR=2.36, 95%CI: 1.09–5.10, p=0.05) except IE&C. Participants in the qualitative study (phase 2) recognised TB screening as an essential intervention to decrease TB's burden among PLHIV. In addition, ease in TB screening for PLHIV, existing good communication and referral systems, effective goals setting and feedback mechanisms, good recognition for the need of the intervention by HIV healthcare providers, and the role played by existing chemical sellers were indicated by the HIV healthcare workers and coordinators as the main facilitators that promote the implementation of the TB screening among PLHIV. The study also identified factors such as high workload, no transportation, nature of the disease, non-reimbursement of ancillary cost, lack of staff, no staff motivation, no in-service training, old infrastructures, lack of privacy and space, inadequate resources (laboratory), non-availability of enablers for clients and health works were also identified by the participant main barriers hindering the TB screening implementation among PLHIV attending HV clinics. Conclusion. The study assessed fidelity of delivery at the different levels of health delivery, their related factors and determinants of implementation of TB screening at the HIV or ART clinics. Combined provider-facility fidelity was revealed as a practical approach to assessing implementation fidelity at the health facility. The separate fidelities showed the extent of implementation of the intervention guidelines as planned at the various levels. Hence, variations observed in the fidelity levels and related factors needed further investigation. The findings are critical in the wake of the rising public health importance of the double burden of TB and HIV in low- to middle-income countries like Ghana. Implementation of TB screening is critical in PLHIV in Ghana. Programme managers, facility managers and TB/HIV coordinators should be devoted to ensuring HIV healthcare workers have regular in-service training, motivated through reimbursement of intervention-related costs and the provision of adequate space and privacy to ensure successful implementation of TB screening amongst HIV clients. Participants, especially HIV healthcare providers have accepted the intervention and therefore used the ease of the TB screening tool, feedback and supervision and their good network and communication to promote the implementation of the TB screening intervention among PLHIV attending HIV clinics. Hence, knowledge of fidelity and both facilitators and barriers of implementation, and how to address them can inform the planning and implementation of the TB screening in HIV clinics and ART centres in Ghana and similar contexts across low- and middle-income countries worldwide. Key Contribution. Most fidelity assessments were done at the provider level, however, this PhD has added fidelity assessment at the programme or facility level and especially combined facilityprovider level which is missing in the implementation literature. Hence, it is an extension of knowledge and methodological innovation in implementation science. In addition, this study has demonstrated how to categorise fidelity into high or low fidelity. This research reveals where efforts can be targeted to improve implementation fidelity to increase and achieve targets of TB screening coverage among PLHIV in Ghana. In addition, it showed the barriers to be addressed by the National TB Control Programme to ensure successful implementation of the intervention in Ghana.Item Risk factors and causes of adult deaths in the Ifakara health and demographic surveillance system population, 2003-2007(2011-03-25) Narh-Bana, Solomon AyerteyIntroduction: The achievements of the United Nations’ millennium development goals (MDGs) are not possible in isolation. Adult health and mortality with the exception of maternal health is one of the health issues that were openly missing among the list of MDGs. But eradicating extreme poverty and hunger would not be possible if the economically active population is not supported to be healthy and to live longer. Little has been done on adult health, especially to reduce mortality as compared to child health. Adult mortality is expected to equal or exceed child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa if nothing is done. There are varying factors associated with specific-causes of adult deaths within and among different settings. Obtaining more and better data on adult deaths and understanding issues relating to adult deaths in Africa are crucial for long life and development. Objectives: The study seeks to (i) describe causes of adult mortality, (ii) estimate adult cause-specific mortality rates and trends and (iii) identify risk factors of cause-specific mortality in the Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS) population from 2003 – 2007 among adults aged 15 – 59 years. Methodology: The data for the study was extracted from the database of the Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System (IHDSS) in Tanzania from 2003-2007. It was an open cohort study. The cohort was selected based on age (15-59years) and active residency from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2007. Survival estimates were computed using Kaplan-Meier survival technique and adult mortality rates were estimated expressed per 1000 person years observed (PYO). Verbal autopsy method was used to ascertain causes of deaths. Cox proportional hazards method was used to identify socio-demographic factors associated with specific-causes of adult deaths. v Findings: A total 65,548 adults were identified and followed up, yielding a total of 184,000 person years. A total of 1,352 deaths occurred during the follow-up. The crude adult mortality rate (AMR) estimated over the period was 7.3/1000PYO. There was an insignificant steady increase in annual AMR over the period. The AMR in 2007 increased by 11% over year 2003. Most people died from HIV/AIDS (20.4%) followed by Malaria (13.2%). The AMR for the period was 2.49 per 1000PYO for communicable disease (CD) causes, 1.21 per 1000PYO for non communicable disease (NCD) causes and 0.53 per 1000PYO for causes related to accidents/injuries. Over the study period, deaths resulting from NCDs increased significantly by 50%. The proportion of deaths due to NCDs in 2003 was 16% increasing to 24% in year 2007. Adult deaths from Accidents/Injuries were significantly higher among men (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.2) after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES), level of education and household size. For communicable and NCDs, most people died at home while for Accidents/Injuries most people died elsewhere (neither home nor health facility). The risk factors that were found to be associated with adult deaths due to NCDs were age and level of education. An improvement in level of education saw a reduction in the risk of dying from NCDs ((HR(Primary)=0.67, 95%CI:0.49, 0.92) and (HR(beyond Primary)=0.11, 95%CI:0.02, 0.40) after adjusting for age and sex. Age, SES and “entry type” were the factors found to be associated with dying from communicable diseases among the adults. In-migrants were 1.7 times more likely to die from communicable disease causes than residents having adjusted for age, household size, educational level, employment status of the head of household and SES. Conclusion: HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of adult deaths in IHDSS area followed by malaria. Most adult deaths occurred outside health facility in rural areas. This could probably be explained by the health seeking behavior and or health care accessibility in vi the rural area of sub-Saharan Africa. NCDs are increasing as a result of demographic and epidemiological transitions taking place in most African countries including Tanzania. Without preventions the rural community in Tanzania will soon face increased triple disease burden; (CD), NCD and Accident/Injuries. Policies on accident/injury preventions in developing countries will be effective if based on local evidence and research.