3. Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) - All submissions
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Item Oral-health-related quality of life and oral health needs of adolescents living with HIV in Johannesburg(2021) Malele-Kolisa, YolandaIntroduction: The reported high burden of oral diseases among HIV infected adolescents raises concerns about their Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). OHRQoL is described as the effect of oral conditions on the overall functioning and wellbeing of individuals and it is influenced by shared sociocultural and economic contexts. Consequently, identifying the factors influencing OHRQoL in the African setting is important to inform the provision of responsive oral health services that ensures better wellbeing of adolescents. This proposition is against the fact that the existing OHRQoL assessment tools for children and adolescents have been conceptualised in non-African settings. Consequently, these may not be applicable in an African setting given the contextual differences. Additionally, there are inconsistent reports on the prevalence of oral conditions and their associated factors among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV). The inconsistencies may hinder the development of clear guidelines on the prevention and treatment of oral conditions among ALHIV. This study, therefore, describes the OHRQoL and oral health needs of HIV infected and undiagnosed adolescents in Johannesburg using a contextually appropriate tool. Methods: The overall PhD study approach was a sequential mixed-method combining both qualitative and quantitative components. The qualitative component was used to generate prevailing perceptions and experiences of OHRQoL. The findings of the qualitative component were used to augment an existing OHRQoL measurement tool developed in a different context. Further, the psychometric properties of the resulting locally appropriate OHRQoL tool was assessed and the adjusted tool was used to measure the oral-health-related quality of life outcomes and their determinants among the study participants using a quantitative research approach. A part of the quantitative component assessed the prevalence of oral conditions and the impacts of the oral conditions in both groups of the adolescents (consisting of HIV infected and undiagnosed adolescents). Decayed Teeth (DT), Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Oral HIV/AIDS Research Alliance (OHARA) case definitions were used for caries examination and reporting of the oral mucosal lesions. The OHRQoL outcomes were measured with our modified Child Oral Health Impact Profile tool. 3 An epidemiological update of the oral lesions’ pattern among ALHIV was done as well using the DT, DMFT and OHARA indices. Data analyses were structured by the study main outcomes; chi-squared tests were performed to determine the associations between variables; and multiple logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors after adjusting for confounding exposure variables. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha tests, exploratory and confirmatory analysis were conducted for the validity measurement and the psychometric properties assessment of the modified tool. Results: Eight themes classified into three levels were identified by the qualitative exploration of the adolescents’ perception of OHRQoL. The three levels were at the individual-level, external and social level. The specific eight themes included a) oral health awareness, b) felt oral symptoms, c) impaired oral functioning, d) coping e) access to dental facilities, f) experiences of using health services g) social interaction and h) self stigmatisation. These themes were appropriately incorporated into the existing Child Oral Health Impact (COHIP) tool modified for the current setting. From the epidemiological update of oral conditions among ALHIV (n=407) the overall prevalence of dental caries was 56.76% (n=231) with a mean DT score of 2.0 (SD 2.48) and a mean DMFT score of 2.65 (SD 3.01). The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OML) was 22%, with linear gingival erythema accounting for most of the lesions at 13.8%. Dental caries prevalence was significantly associated with the HIV clinical markers (HIV RNA viral loads > 1000 copies/ml; CD4 cell counts less than 200 count cells/mm3 as well as WHO staging III, IV). Among ALHIV, the prevalence of dental caries was directly related to the presence of oral mucosal lesions (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression modelling showed that dental caries experience (DMFT>0), age category 13-15 years, WHO staging of IV and viral load > than 1000 copies/ml significantly predicted the outcome of oral lesions (p<0.05). The odds of developing dental caries was also 1.5 times more among ALHIV who brush their teeth less frequently and those who reported a sugary diet. In the comparative phase of the study, a total of 504 adolescents recruited from a HIV Wellness Site (n=226) and School Sites with HIV undiagnosed adolescents (n= 278) were included in the study. The overall mean decayed teeth for permanent dentition was 1.6(SD 1.99) and caries prevalence was 62.2 % (n=309) among all adolescents. The overall M COHIP score was 59.6(SD:18.2). 4 The overall modified COHIP scores for those in schools were higher [62.88(SD:1.08)] when compared to that of ALHIV [55.54(SD:1.20)] recruited from the HIV Wellness Site. The poor M-COHIP scores were associated with reporting toothache, having active decay, poor oral health-self-rating, and being selected from the school site, (p<0.005). The main factors influencing OHRQoL followed an existing conceptual framework and were at individual level: oral mucosal problems, children perceptions and awareness; and at external level including factors such as dental facility access and socioeconomic factors. Conclusion: The perceptions and experiences of OHRQoL among ALHIV in Johannesburg were influenced by a combination of self-perceptions and social connections, together with the state of their structural environment and biological wellbeing. The participants placed high value on the importance of coping, symptom endurance and dental facility service experiences in determining OHRQoL. There is high prevalence of dental caries and oral mucosal lesions among ALHIV in Johannesburg. The reported prevalence was associated with high HIV RNA viral loads, low CD4 cell count and high WHO staging of HIV disease. Additionally, caries experience contributed to the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. Our study acknowledges the protective effect of HIV treatment and positive oral health practices on the presence of oral conditions among ALHIV in Johannesburg. The modified oral-health-related quality of life tool displayed acceptable initial reliability and validity. The adolescents’ OHRQoL scores were related to the high untreated-caries, toothache reports, poor self-rated oral health and being in schools. In all, this PhD suggests an association between adolescents’ OHRQoL and their individual level factors such as perception, oral problems, and environmental determinants (such as socioeconomic and dental facility access factors). More studies may be needed to further assess the new sub-scales among other South African sub-groups particularly the adolescents in rural areas given the urban focus of this PhD. These findings may be relevant in improving oral health services in meeting adolescents’ oral health needsItem Knowledge, attitudes and practices of caregivers about oral lesions in HIV positive patients in NGOs / CBOs in Region, Johannesburg, Gauteng(2009-10-19T09:21:33Z) Malele-Kolisa, YolandaTitle: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of caregivers about oral lesions in HIV positive patients in NGOs /CBOs in Region 8, Johannesburg, Gauteng. Background: The HIV pandemic continues to be a major public health problem in South Africa where 11% of people were infected with HIV in 2005(HSRC, 2005).The care and support of these patients as they eventually become ill will necessitate the increase in use of community-based/homebased/ hospice institutions. The City of Johannesburg (CoJ), one of the metropolitan municipalities (local government) in Gauteng Province-SA, has been planning the development and implementation of programmes related to the prevention, care and support for people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. Care and support has been limited to 18 NGOs/ CBOs. Four of these institutions provide palliative care and are staffed by 64 caregivers. Studies done throughout the world indicate that oral lesions associated with HIV occur in over half of HIV/AIDS patients. These oral lesions seriously impair the oral-health-related-quality of life in affected individuals and necessitate the need to provide services to alleviate them and improve patient comfort. The caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs are therefore pivotal in offering care and support in the management of HIV including the management of oral lesions. In order for the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs to be able to manage the disease in its entirety; they need optimal knowledge of the infection/illness including the oral manifestations associated with the ailment. Objectives: (1.) To determine the knowledge of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs providing palliative care in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng regarding common oral manifestations associated with HIV. of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs . (2.) To assess the attitudes of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs providing palliative care in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng on common oral manifestations associated with HIV. (3.) To determine the practices of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng, pertaining to the common oral manifestations associated with HIV. (4.) To determine the sociodemographic profile of the caregivers providing palliative care in the NGOs/CBOs in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted where all caregivers providing care and support in the four NGOs/CBOs were invited to participate in the study. Data was collected by a customised questionnaire to obtain information on demographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices on providing for HIV positive patients. Results: The results were grouped according to training in oral health care (TOHC) and no training (NTOHC). The mean age was 43.5 years for TOHC and 30.8 years NTOHC and was statistically significant (p<0.005). There were statistical significant differences in the gender proportions in within groups in the both groups, employment status, work experience as a caregiver and training in general home-based care (p<0.05). Most (72.2%) of those NTOHC had little experience (<1 year) of care giving compared to 41.1% (p=0.03) and 33.3% were providing care without training in homebased care (HBC) compared to 100% (p=0.00). The caregivers trained in oral health care had knowledge levels shown by higher knowledge levels on four of seven variables compared to those who were not trained in oral health care (p< 0.05, Table 3.3 p.21). The majority of caregivers NTOHC reported that caring for the mouth of HIV positive patients is an ‘unpleasant difficult task and poses an infection risk to the caregivers’ while these concerns were expressed by the minority of caregivers TOHC (p<0.05). Practices performed by caregivers NTOHC were appropriate for dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing but was inappropriate for bleeding gums and bad breath while those caregivers TOHC provided appropriate advice/practices for oral thrush, bad breath, bleeding gums, dry mouth with statistical difference. Conclusion: The caregivers TOHC had fairly better knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding oral lesions in HIV compared to those NTOHC. There was strong likelihood of knowledge variables and training in oral health care. Recommendations: Bearing in mind the limitations of KAP surveys and the cross sectional nature of the study, it is recommended that training in oral health care and refresher courses for those trained must be incorporated into the programme of all caregivers working in palliative institutions because it will provide specialised knowledge about oral health and oral lesions in HIV improve their knowledge, attitudes and practices and thus provide a better service to their patients.