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Item Dataset from: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated risk in rural South Africa: a population-based cohort study(2022-07-13) Fabian, June; Gondwe, Mwawi; Mayindi, Nokthula; Khoza, Bongekile; Gaylard, Petra; Wade, Alisha N.; Gómez‑Olivé, F. Xavier; Tomlinson, Laurie A.; Ramsay, Michele; Tollman, Stephen Meir; Winkler, Cheryl; George, Jaya Anna; Naicker, Saraladevi; Study data were collected and managed using opensource REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at the University of the WitwatersrandStudy Methods This longitudinal cohort study was conducted from November 2017 to September 2018 in the Medical Research Council (MRC)/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (otherwise referred to as "Agincourt") in Bushbuckridge, a rural subdistrict of the Mpumalanga province in north-eastern South Africa. Agincourt is a Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site that includes approximately 115,000 people. For this study, a minimum sample size of 1800 was required to provide at least 80% power to determine CKD prevalence of at least 5%, provided the true prevalence was equal to or more than 6.5%. Proportional allocation of Black African adults aged 20 to 79 years ensured a representative sample based on the most recent annual population census. Sample size was increased proportionately to 2759 individuals to accommodate a 25% non-participation rate. Dataset is 2022 cases Variables are: 1. age 2. Gender 3. Years of Education (refers to completed years of schooling) 4. Height (cm) (one decimal place) 5. weight (kg) (one decimal place) 6. BMI (body mass index) 7. POC random cholesterol (mmol/L) (2 decimal places) 8. POC random glucose (mmol/L) (1 decimal place) 9. HIV status is: Based on (i) prior HIV testing history OR (ii) HIV PCR testing for ARK 10. Using the urine pregnancy test, is this participant pregnant? ( 11. ERY (erythrocytes, blood) 12. Hb (haemoglobin, blood) LEU (leucocytes) 13. NIT (nitrites) 14. PRO (protein) 15. hepatitis B surface antigen 16. Serum creatinine (umol/L) 17. Systolic BP(1) 18. Diastolic BP (1) 19. Systolic BP(2) 20. Diastolic BP (2) 21. Systolic BP(3) 22. Diastolic BP (3) 23. Serum creatinine (umol/L) 24. Urine microalbumin (mg/L) 25. Urine creatinine (mmol/L) 26. Urine microalbumin (mg/L) 27. Urine creatinine (mmol/L) 28. APOL1 haplotypeItem The relationship between awareness of violence against women prevention campaigns and gender attitudes and talking about violence among women in Gauteng(2016-10-12) Mataba, Rumbidzayi B.Introduction: Gender based violence (GBV) is a public health problem with as many as 35% of women having been subjected to either physical and or sexual violence globally. Gender attitudes and silence around gender based violence, are factors that exacerbate GBV. Global and local awareness campaigns are means for preventing violence against women. Campaigns have the potential to challenge women and men’s underlying gender beliefs and attitudes that contribute to unequal power relations between women and men. The overall objective of this study was to examine the association between awareness campaigns and gender attitudes or talking about domestic violence among women in Gauteng, South Africa. Materials and Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Gauteng, South Africa from April to July 2010. The study aimed to describe the prevalence and patterns of experiences of GBV, HIV risk, gender attitude and awareness of GBV prevention campaigns in Gauteng. The main exposure variable in this study is having heard about 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children campaign and the 365 Days National Action Plan to End Gender Based Violence. The two primary outcomes are gender attitudes and discussing about domestic violence. Gender attitudes were measured using three scales: the Gender Equitable Women’s Scale, the Ideas about Gender Relations Scale and the Ideas about Rape Scale. Univariate analysis was conducted to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, awareness of campaigns, gender attitudes and talking about domestic violence among the participants. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the associations between awareness of campaigns and the outcomes while adjusting for age, education, employment, nationality, race and relationship status. Results: The results show that only a minority of the participants had heard of the 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children campaign (32.6%) and the 365 Days National Action Plan to End Gender Based Violence (9.2%) campaigns. Most of the participants had progressive gender attitudes; GEWS (71.7%), IGRS (82.1%) and the IRS (88.1%) while less than half (48.7%) had spoken about domestic violence to someone else. Women who were exposed to the 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children campaign were twice as likely to have progressive gender attitudes measured by the Gender Equitable Women’s Scale (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-3.8) compared to those who had not been exposed. Education, relationship status and nationality were found to be significantly associated with gender attitudes on the same scale. No association was found between awareness of 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children campaign and gender attitudes measured through the Ideas about Gender Relations Scale and the Ideas about Rape Scale. Awareness of 16 Days of Activism for No Violence Against Women and Children campaign was also associated with talking about domestic violence (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 - 3.0). Age and education were also significantly associated with talking about domestic violence. Gender attitudes were also significantly associated with talking about domestic violence (aOR 1.2 95% CI 1.1 – 3.6). No association was found between exposure to the 365 Days National Action Plan to End Gender Based Violence and gender attitudes or talking about domestic violence. Conclusions: From this study, the majority of the women interviewed had progressive gender attitudes. However, the majority of the women had never spoken about domestic violence to someone else. Women exposed to GBV campaigns had more progressive gender attitudes and spoke about domestic violence more than those who were not exposed. These findings are evidence to the need for wider coverage and different messaging approaches in the implementation of GBV campaigns in South Africa. Wider coverage of campaigns is only possible with more funding for national, provincial and local GBV programmes. Key messages in GBV campaigns need to include a priority focus on addressing the underlying social and cultural norms that contribute to the imbalances of power due to gender difference.Item Understanding intimate femicide in South Africa(2010-09-22) Mathews, ShanaazWhen a woman is killed she is most likely to be murdered by an intimate partner. This form of homicide known as intimate femicide is conceptualised to be the most extreme consequence of intimate partner violence. Not much is known about such killings in South Africa or in other developing settings. This thesis studied intimate femicide using two complimentary studies from two methodological perspectives. The first study was quantitative with the aim of describing the incidence and pattern of intimate femicide in South Africa. The second study used qualitative methods and explored the social construction of the early formation of violent masculinities. Five papers written from these two studies are presented in this thesis. Study one was a retrospective national mortuary-based study and collected data on all female homicides, 14 years and older, who died in 1999 from a stratified, multi-stage sample of 25 mortuaries. Data was collected from the mortuary file, autopsy report, and a police interview. The second study used a cluster of qualitative in-depth interviews with 20 incarcerated men in prison who have been convicted for the murder of an intimate partner, as well as interviews with family and friends of both the perpetrator and the victim. Overall it was found that 50.3% of women murdered in South Africa are killed by an intimate partner, with an intimate femicide rate of 8.8/100 000 and an intimate-femicide suicide rate of 1.7/100 000 females 14 years and older. Blunt force injuries were shown to be associated with intimate killings, while gun ownership was associated with intimate femicide-suicides. vi elevated Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) combined with unemployed status was also found to be associated with intimate killings. The qualitative study showed that traumatic childhood experiences such as violent and neglectful parenting practises particularly by mothers made these men feel unloved, inferior and powerless with this found to be a pathway to violent models of masculinity used as a means to attain power and respect. This study shows that such traumatic experiences can lead to a suppression of emotions. It is argued that cognitive dissonance act as a protective mechanism which allows these men to perpetrate acts of violence without consideration of its impact. These findings suggests that intimate femicide is a complex phenomenon with a “web” of associated and mediating factors which all contribute to it excessive levels in South Africa. It shows that intimate femicide is an extension of intimate partner violence and as such has to take into account the unequal gender relations in society. Building gender equity and shifting patterns of femininity and masculinity is a key strategy in reducing this form of violence.