School of Governance

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    Reformation of international judicial institutions as key to global conflict prevention
    (2010-03-19T06:57:15Z) Nyuykonge, Wiykiynyuy Charles
    The settlement of international disputes by peaceful means has been described as one of the principles basic to the whole structure of the international system. It has been contended that this principle is the natural corollary for the prohibition of the use of force in settlement of international disputes enshrined in Art. 24 of the United Nations Charter, and embodied in Art. 2 (3). The UN’s organ assigned this mediation role is the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for matters with respect to state responsibility. The International Criminal Court (ICC), the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the Special Court of Sierra Leone are international tribunals with jurisdiction to try matters relating to individual criminal responsibility. At continental as well as at regional levels, some states have set up their own institutions to peacefully manage conflict amongst them and in the broader region. Nevertheless, the question—in a world where dispute settlement institutions and processes are supernumerary relative to conflicts, can they effectively serve as key to conflict prevention? remains a major concern. Based on critical research, this report inquires whether conflict prevention is mythical or an attainable objective and whether the international judiciary which is prima facie a conflict mediation body can catalyze conflict prevention. In attempting to answer these questions, an understanding of the concepts of free and fair trial is preponderant; coupled with understanding current debates about the undermining of international justice by the states.
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    Public Policies to the Social Equality. Vol 1. (Políticas Públicas para la Equidad Social. Vol 1.)
    (Colección Políticas Públicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 2018) Rivera Vargas, Pablo; Muñoz-Saavedra, Judith; Morales-Olivares, Rommy; Butendieck-Hijerra, Stefanie
    Las políticas públicas son una de las principales herramientas que tiene, por un lado, la ciudadanía para plasmar su voluntad a la hora de construir una sociedad representativa, democrática y justa, y, por otro lado, el Estado, para resolver los problemas de distribución, equidad e inclusión social. Por lo general emergen a partir de activos y diversificados procesos de interacción y participación entre Estado, expertos/as y la sociedad civil. De manera que las necesidades o demandas sociales puedan transformarse en proyectos, programas, normas o intervenciones gubernamentales correctamente fundamentadas. No obstante, esto no ocurre ni con la frecuencia esperada ni en los términos ideales. En ocasiones, las políticas también pueden diseñarse desde una mirada preferentemente vertical e institucional, lo que puede afectar su sostenibilidad, legitimidad, y el cumplimiento de sus objetivos. Desde las ciencias sociales, económicas y naturales es posible aportar al diseño de las políticas públicas una perspectiva crítica que ayude a garantizar su representatividad, excelencia y validez. Las herramientas investigativas de la academia permiten, explorar y eventualmente conocer y analizar las principales necesidades que presentan los colectivos y el contexto social que los define. Con este objetivo, el presente libro ofrece un espacio de diálogo internacional e interdisciplinario en torno a las políticas públicas a partir de tres ejes temáticos considerados imprescindibles para la construcción de sociedades más justas, a saber: Educación, Género y Economía. Bajo el convencimiento que la producción de conocimiento científico se erige como un insumo necesario para desarrollar políticas públicas más eficaces, equitativas y sostenibles capaces de abordar y corregir las diversas causas de las desigualdades. Este libro, titulado “Políticas Públicas para la Equidad Social”, es el primero de dos volúmenes y cuenta con 24 capítulos de destacados/as especialistas internacionales, consolidados/as y nóveles, que, desde distintos enfoques nos invitan a la reflexión en torno a la complejidad e impacto de las políticas públicas en la sociedad. La publicación está separada en 3 bloques a partir los 3 ejes temáticos antes mencionados. En el bloque de educación se presentan ocho artículos que justamente dan a conocer esfuerzos políticos y científicos realizados en este ámbito (a nivel internacional) con el fin de construir una sociedad más equitativa y con iguales oportunidades para todos y todas. Entre sus principales autores/a destacan: Cristóbal Cobo, Pablo Rivera, Cristina Cárdenas, Carlos Anaya, Diego Apolo, Felipe Aliaga, Melisa Maina, Cristina Alonso, Víctor Climent, Juana M. Sancho, entre otros/as. En el bloque de género, los ocho capítulos que lo componen ofrecen una mirada transdisciplinar desde diferentes países, realidades y perspectivas teóricas, en la que se integran los principales debates teóricos en torno a las políticas feministas y/o de género. Entre sus principales autores/a destacan: Judith Astelarra, Karina Batthyány, José A Noguera, Judith Muñoz, Beatríz Revelles, Ana González, entre otras /os. En el bloque de Economía, los ocho capítulos que lo componen se erigen como diversas miradas transdisciplinares y globales desde la economía, la sociología y las ciencias políticas, que dan vida a una observación global, desde la mirada de investigadores del continente africano, América Latina y Europa. Entre sus principales autores/a destacan: Patrick Bond, Juan A. Bogliaccini, Rommy Morales, Sofía Docetti, Felipe González, Ángel Rodríguez, entre otros/as. Finalmente destacar que este libro ha sido posible gracias a la colaboración activa del Departamento de Gestión y Políticas Públicas de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile, y su publicación, Colección en Políticas Públicas. A la vez agradecemos a la Universidad de Barcelona, y particularmente a la Facultad de Educación y al Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Educativa, por su vital colaboración.
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    An investigation of stakeholder influence on participants’ informed consent in the monitoring and evaluation process
    (2022) Kapay, Sara
    Monitoring and Evaluations (hereafter referred to as evaluations) aid in decision making, come in many forms and have various functions depending on their objectives. The nature of evaluations is such that they are reliant on participation from various individuals, communities, and organizations. Informed consent is the process by which participants are made aware of the potential risks, benefits, and objectives of a study and thereafter formally or informally indicate their consent to take part in the proposed research. Informed consent is required as it contributes to trust amongst stakeholders in evaluations. However, while issues regarding informed consent (both in theory and practice) have a well-documented history, especially in medical journals that centre on developed nations; further insights still need to be garnered. As such, there is a need to understand the informed consent process and its suitability within low-income nations in research and evaluations. Consequently, this research report aims to provide an understanding of stakeholder influence on informed consent on participants in evaluations and how power and pressure mechanisms from stakeholders affect informed consent. The interviews allowed us to better understand the role of stakeholders and their influence in informed consent through the perspectives and lived realities of evaluators, industry experts, researchers, and academics as well as those currently working in organisations that have been evaluated. It is evident from the interview findings that the power dominance, pressure, and influences that occur in Evaluation can be both implied and explicit. There is no consensus on what constitutes true informed consent or what exactly and to what extent should participants be informed within evaluations. Rather the focus is more on the protection and privacy of information and data of the evaluations than participants' consent. The observed and dominant ways stakeholders influence participant informed consent is through information. This study contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between evaluators, participants, and decision-makers as well as the power dynamics experienced practically within evaluations. The researcher proposes that a more deliberate approach needs to be taken during the conception phase of evaluations. Finally, further research looking at participation in Evaluation from the lenses of participants is required. In addition, a deeper look into ethics within evaluations as service providers to their stakeholders.
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    Assessing the implementation of monitoring and evaluation systems in the National Treasury
    (University of the Witwatersrand, 2022) Sithagathaga, Latani Nicolas
    This research study was driven and motivated by the need for continuous public service reform while maintaining good governance and enhanced service delivery in public service institutions. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems are one of the important instruments used to assess progress made in public service reforms and good governance in the public service. A thorough study was conducted to assess the implementation of M&E in the National Treasury to establish challenges and lessons learned. The literature review process conducted was focused on determining relevant theoretical and legislative frameworks as well as policy and frameworks relevant to public sector reforms, governance and M&E. A qualitative research design method was chosen for this study, using a case study to collect data. The unit of analysis was the National Treasury, and a non-probability sampling approach was used to target key informants from the Strategic Planning Monitoring & Evaluation Unit and other employees from different Divisions of the National Treasury. The primary research data was sourced through a series of semi-structured interviews. Content analysis of key M&E relevant government documents was conducted to understand the M&E. To conduct this assessment, the study posed two important questions. The researcher reviewed literature relating to the established history and description of the National Treasury. The researcher further conducted research problem analysis to understand the history and description of monitoring and evaluation. The researcher has further reviewed the literature on the monitoring and evaluation systems of developed and developing countries in Africa and internationally. From the reviewed literature, the researcher developed a theoretical and conceptual framework to guide the research approach in collecting, processing, and analysis of the research results. The researcher developed an explanatory framework that assists in interpreting the findings. Some of the findings pointed to the following issues. It was not clear from the reports whether the National Treasury lacked the capacity and skills for monitoring and evaluation on the repeated audit opinions as raised by Auditor General or whether it lacked defined structures, processes, that also include roles and responsibilities for monitoring and evaluation; or lacked support and buy-in from management and support staff. It is crucial that the National Treasury M&E system generates high quality performance information on quarterly and annual periods to provide decision makers with critical information. This information should also be provided to public, and other stakeholders with accurate and reliable performance information on reforms and good governance of the organisation. The research concluded that, given the establishment and institutional arrangement elements that were assessed and found to be in place and functional, the National Treasury M&E system has the potential to be sustainable if the recommendations provided in this study are considered and implemented. There were no clear indications of specific challenges that were encountered during implementation and there was a clear process followed in conducting the M&E within the organisation which can be used as lessons by other organisations. The Researcher concluded by providing some recommendations to strengthen the National Treasury’s monitoring and evaluation system.
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    The role of peace missions in sustaining peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    (2023) Nyuykonge, Wiykiynyuy Charles
    This study examined efforts aimed at ending conflict and restoring order and political stability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, under the auspices of the United Nations peacekeeping mission. As one of the largest and most extensively funded peace operations across the globe, the UN’s mission in the DRC represents paradoxes and contradictions of the Liberal Peacebuilding approach, from the size of deployment to the scale of its funding, given the failure to end cycles of conflict in the country. In departing from the dominant socio-economic and ethnographic lenses from which the elusiveness of peace in the country have been examined in many studies, this study focused on the institutional guiding frameworks that have informed the succession of UN peacekeeping missions and madates over the years. A significant amount of research on UN peacekeeping missions in the DRC have relied on the Liberal Peacebuilding discourse and how it proposes to deliver peaceful and a prosperous nation. This study therefore interrogated the UN missions’ performance in implementing the Liberal peace framework. It examined if indeed the location of the UN mission within the Liberal Peacebuilding models may help explain its successes and failures, and whether this approach informs its inability to ensure sustainable peace in the country. Furthermore, the study examined the prospects that the transition to Sustaining peace holds for peace and stability in the DRC. To this end, it sought to understand, whether and how the new Sustaining Peace approach could overcome the pitfalls of the Liberal Peacebuilding model; and its potency to resolve this partly conceptual and partly practical quagmire. This study adopted a descriptive method of analysis based on a case study survey design, using both primary and secondary data, and qualitative analysis. Findings from interviews with the UN and other stakeholders indicate that in contrast to clear academic bifurcations on the meaning of these two frames of action, there is not such clarity within the UN, about the conceptual equivalence of it's operational frames. Sustaining peace, the study found, is a muscular conceptual matrix whose operationsalisation is not linear. It recommends conceptual harmony between theory and practice among other measures, as panacea for peace in the DRC. This justified the usefulness of this enquiry in ending the elucivenss of peace in the DRC.