Browsing by Author "Machinya, Johannes"

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    The role of the indigenisation policy in community development : a case of the Zvishavane Community Share Ownership Trust, Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe.
    (2014-07-18) Machinya, Johannes
    This study focuses on the role of Zimbabwe‘s indigenisation and economic empowerment policy in community development. In particular, it investigates the contribution of community ownership of mineral resource wealth to community development with particular reference to the Zvishavane Community Share Ownership Trust (ZCSOT) in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe. The study is situated within the framework of participatory community development and seeks to explore whether the ZCSOT stimulate broad-based participation at community level in the ownership and utilisation of natural resource wealth as envisioned in the indigenisation policy. The research utilised methodological triangulation, using a questionnaire and in-depth interviews for data collection. The findings of this study suggest that the community ownership of mineral resource wealth through community share ownership trusts (CSOTs) is capable of bringing positive social and economic transformation in resource-rich communities much better than state-centred and/or corporate-led development. However, the study also highlights that because of certain irregularities in the indigenisation policy and the subsequent operational imperfections evident in the operation of the ZCSOT, community engagement in the process of development is quite marginal. Instead, what we see is political manipulation of the CSOT, lack of transparency and corruption due to the non-representation of ordinary community members in the CSOT, thus impeding their full participation. The involvement of traditional leaders in CSOTs has promoted the entrenchment of relations of domination, paternalism and stifling of democracy, thereby contradicting with the principles of participatory community development. In the end, the study establishes that the success of community ownership of mineral resource wealth in the socio-economic transformation of mineral-rich communities needs need to be anchored on the full participation of local communities.
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    The life and labour of 'illegal' and deportable people: undocumented Zimbabwean migrants living and working in Witbank, South Africa
    (2019-03) Machinya, Johannes
    This study is based on ethnographic research among undocumented Zimbabwean migrants living and working in Witbank, South Africa. It explores and analyses the existential and juridical condition of migrant 'illegality' by examining how state enforcement of immigration laws helps to constitute a pervasive sense of 'illegality' and deportability, which is the state of living with deportation as a ubiquitous possibility for undocumented migrants, even if not actually effected. Migrant 'illegality' is produced at the intersection of state efforts to make migration flows legible or readable to the state and migrants' attempts to deal with the state's ability to control migration flows, which highlights the dialectical relation in and adds nuance to the theorisation of the production of migrant 'illegality' and deportability. Deportability inundates undocumented migrants' lives with anxiety and uncertainty over the indeterminacy of the materialisation of actual arrest and deportation. This is markedly characterised by undocumented migrants' inability to determine with certainty what might (or might not) happen to them in their encounters with the regime of immigration law enforcement, whether they would be arrested and deported, or not. This indeterminacy and uncertainty speak to the temporal irregularity that emerges from the unpredictability of arrest and deportation. The threat of deportation registers a vivid awareness among undocumented migrants that one day they will get deported and this translates into a hideous form of anticipatory anxiety over the possibility of something happening without needing it to happen -deportation. I argue that living fearfully anticipating, although without hankering for, the materialisation of actual deportation provides a pervasive sense of 'waiting' for eventual deportation. By underlining the anxieties and uncertainties that emanate from the possibility of deportation, I show how the awareness of being 'illegal' and deportable shapes the everyday lives and work experiences of undocumented migrants. I argue that migrant 'illegality' as well as the threat and fear of deportation are powerful determining conditions that write themselves enduringly into the fabric of undocumented migrants' everyday lives and significantly alter the pattern of their everyday existence and work experiences. This thesis thus also focuses on the sociotemporal implications of living and working under the constant threat and expectation of deportation, which reminds undocumented migrants that their time in South Africa is ephemeral and indefinitely terminable; and this fear infiltrates and shapes undocumented migrants' everyday lives and work experiences. The thesis further looks at undocumented migrants' responses to the challenges that emanate from being 'illegal' and deportable in the face of such adversity. I demonstrate how the responses oscillate between visibility, and therefore engaging directly with state officials on the one hand, and social non-visibility or undetectability on the other, with migrants avoiding interactions with state officials who possess powers to arrest and deport those migrants who are in violation of the country's immigration law.