Browsing by Author "Jewkes, Rachel"

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Impact of witnessing abuse of their mother and childhood trauma on men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence in the cross-sectional UN multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific
(Elsevier, 2025-01) Jewkes, Rachel; Shai, Nwabisa; Chirwa, Esnat; Naved, Ruchira Tabassum; Abrahams, Naeema; Ramsoomar, Leane; Dekel, Bianca; Gibbs, Andrew; Nothling, Jani; Willan, Samantha
Trauma exposure and witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) in childhood are recognised risk factors for IPV. Using the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific dataset, we describe the pathways through which they influence adult IPV perpetration. Methods: In nine sites, from six countries, data were collected in a two-stage, randomly-selected household survey, with one man aged 18–49 years interviewed per house. 8379 interviews were completed with ever partnered men in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) and Sri Lanka. We present a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to understand paths through which childhood trauma and witnessing IPV impacted perpetration of physical or sexual IPV in adulthood. Results: Among the men, 25.5% had witnessed IPV, 47.0% had perpetrated physical or sexual IPV. Both wit nessing IPV and childhood trauma elevated the likelihood of such perpetration. The SEM showed four paths from witnessing IPV and childhood trauma to the latent variable for physical/sexual IPV perpetration. One was direct and three indirect. Paths were mediated by food insecurity, depression, and a latent variable measuring gender inequitable and anti-social masculinities. The masculinity variable indicators were drug use, harmful alcohol use, bullying, gang membership, fighting with other men, having sex with a sex worker and having raped a non partner. The direct and indirect effects showed both childhood trauma and witnessing maternal IPV to be important, but childhood trauma the more so. Conclusions: Both childhood trauma and witnessing IPV were important in driving IPV perpetration, with in dependent effects, however, broader childhood trauma exposure was most strongly associated. The effects were mediated by food insecurity, depression and gender inequitable and anti-social masculinities, all recognised risk factors for IPV perpetration. Thus, gender transformative IPV prevention interventions that include mental health and economic elements can mitigate the influence of these key exposures.
Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against female garment workers from selected factories in Bangladesh
(Public Library of Science, 2018-11-07) Naved, Ruchira Tabassum; Mamum, Mahfuz Al; Willan, Samantha; Gibbs, Andrew; Yu, Marat; Jewkes, Rachel; Parvin, Kausar
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a huge public health, development and human rights issue worldwide. Despite the fact that working women in patriarchal contexts commonly report higher level of IPV, literature on this subject is still scanty. This paper assessed the magnitude of different types of IPV against female garment workers and identified its correlates using cross-sectional survey data collected during September-December, 2016 from 800 female garment workers randomly selected from lists provided by eight garment factories in and around Dhaka, Bangladesh. The results reveal high levels of IPV experienced by the workers (physical = 34%; sexual = 43%; economic = 35%, last 12 months). Logistic regression results were nuanced. While the worker’s ability to mobilize resources in crises reduced IPV, her savings beyond a threshold increased its likelihood. Moreover, her ownership of jewellery/ large household assets increased the likelihood of IPV. Having moderately or highly controlling husband, substance abuse by husband and his involvement in extramarital sex predicted IPV. Although the worker’s education up to 6 years or more was protective, education more than the husband increased the likelihood of IPV. Young age, having two or more children, experience of non-partner sexual violence and high acceptance of IPV increased the likelihood of IPV. Middle income group protected against IPV, while household food insecurity increased its likelihood. Work at a factory in the Export Processing Zone protected against IPV. The findings indicate that financial empowerment alone is not sufficient to protect the workers from IPV; interventions that combine gender empowerment training for workers in the context of better factory working conditions may be useful in reducing IPV; working with men is essential in this endeavour.
The pathways between female garment workers experience of violence and development of depressive symptoms
(Public Library of Science, 2018-11-15) Parvin, Kausar; Al Mamum, Mahfuz; Gibbs, Andrew; Jewkes, Rachel; Tabassum Naved, Ruchira
The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) is high (54%) in Bangladesh. Moreover, female garment workers report higher rates of IPV and are also vulnerable to workplace violence (WPV). Experience of violence puts women at increased risk of developing depressive symptoms, which are related with low self-esteem, lower life satisfaction and lower productivity. To our knowledge, there has been no previous research on depression among female garment workers and its connections to IPV and WPV in Bangladesh. This paper aims to address this gap by studying the relationship of IPV, WPV and depression among female garment workers.
The state of sexual assualt services: Findings from a situation analysis of services in South Africa
(Centre for Health Policy - School of Public Health - University of the Witwatersrand, 2003-10) Christofides, Nicola; Webster, Naomi; Jewkes, Rachel; Penn-Kekana, Loveday; Martin, Lorna; Abrahams, Naeema; Kim, Julia
Women often receive very poor quality medical care after sexual assault. This has been highlighted in work done by Human Rights Watch, Suffla and others that explored services in some provinces. No systematic investigation of services in all provinces had been carried out. In 2001, the National Department of Health prioritised improving sexual assault services and the research presented in this report was conducted to inform this process. The aim was to investigate sexual assault services provided by health sector in South Africa with an in-depth look at North West province. Two district hospitals; a regional hospital and a tertiary hospital (where they existed) were randomly sampled in all provinces. The total number of hospitals in the sampling frame varied from province to province. This was adjusted for in analysis through weighting. At each hospital, we interviewed two doctors and two nurses who examined or assisted in the management of a patient who presented at the hospital after rape. A primary health care clinic, which referred patients to the sampled hospital in each district, was identified and a nurse at the clinic was interviewed. A total of 155 providers were interviewed. A facility checklist was completed at each hospital. In North West Province, 199 nurses and doctors were interviewed from 20 hospitals and a primary health care clinic that referred patients to these hospitals. In addition, district managers, police, social workers and representatives of NGOs addressing gender-based violence were interviewed.