Risk factors for mortality in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa
| dc.contributor.author | Nyasulu, Peter Suwirakwenda | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2008-07-17T08:37:12Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2008-07-17T08:37:12Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2008-07-17T08:37:12Z | |
| dc.description.abstract | ABSTRACT Introduction Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. It is estimated that pneumococcal disease causes more than one million-childhood deaths every year and the burden of disease is greater in developing countries. The main aim of this study was to analyze risk factors associated with mortality in invasive pneumococcal disease in all ages in South Africa. Materials and Methods We performed an analytical cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from national population-based surveillance for invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in South Africa. The study period was 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005, and the mortality analysis used a subset of laboratory-confirmed cases who had a completed case report form and available mortality data. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors significantly associated with the increased risk of death in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. Separate models were used to evaluate risk factors for death in patients with meningitis and those with other IPD. Results There were 1154 (24%) cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and 3736 (76%) cases of other invasive disease. The overall case fatality rate was 1360/4890 (27.8%) of which 911 (67%) patients died within 2 days of admission and 449 (33%) died between 2 days and 30 days of admission. Variables associated with mortality in a logistic regression analysis of all IPD patients included meningitis (OR 2.8, CI 1.9 – 3.9, P=<0.001), HIV-infection (OR 2.8, CI 1.6 – 4.6, P=<0.001), acute severe illness measured by Pitt bacteraemia score >=4 (OR 4.7, CI 2.8 – 7.7, P=<0.001) and prior antibiotic use within 2 months before first positive culture (OR 2.1, CI 1.4 – 3.1, P=<0.001). In addition to this children less than 1 year and adults ≥45 years were more likely to die compared to other age groups. Patients from Western Cape Province were significantly less likely to die (OR 0.27, CI 0.15 – 0.50, P=<0.001) compared to other provinces. Amongst HIV-positive patients severe immunosuppression (low CD4+ count) was a risk factor for death. Risk factors for death were similar in patients with other IPD and meningitis except for HIV which was associated with death in the meningitis group but not in the other IPD group. Antibiotic resistance and vaccine-serotype disease were not associated with increased risk of death. Discussion and Conclusions IPD is associated with a high mortality in South Africa. Our findings of increased risk of death in HIV-positive patients especially those with low CD4+ count are of importance given the high prevalence of HIV amongst patients with IPD. Introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine as part of the national expanded program for immunization (EPI) and ensuring access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive patients where indicated should be prioritized. | en |
| dc.format.extent | 742926 bytes | |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10539/5084 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en |
| dc.subject | invasive pneumococcal disease | en |
| dc.subject | bacteraemia | en |
| dc.subject | meningitis | en |
| dc.subject | serotypes | en |
| dc.subject | antibiotic-resistance | en |
| dc.subject | HIV | en |
| dc.subject | mortality | en |
| dc.subject | surveillance | en |
| dc.title | Risk factors for mortality in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | en |