Custer, Scott2025-04-302024Custer, Scott. (2024). Evolution of Enforcement: United Nations Enforcement Actions Under Article 42 of Chapter VII [PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]. WIReDSpace. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/44885https://hdl.handle.net/10539/44885A research report Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctorate of Philosophy (International Relations), In the Faculty of Humanities , School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2024This dissertation presents a comprehensive examination of the evolution of peace enforcement operations under the framework of the United Nations Charter's Chapter VII, Article 42. Through a qualitative research methodology, incorporating in-depth case study analysis and process tracing, the dissertation explores the changing actor constellations in peace enforcement, highlighting the shift from predominantly Member State-led operations to more complex arrangements involving Regional Arrangement and the United Nations Department of Peace Operations (UNDPO). By analyzing seven specific cases in Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Libya, and Mali, the research identifies key causal mechanisms that have shaped the actor constellations of peace enforcement missions. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the conditions under which peace enforcement operations are initiated and the strategic considerations that guide the international community's response to threats to peace and security. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these evolutions for future peace enforcement endeavors and the broader study of peace and conflict resolution within the field of International Relations.en© 2024 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.UCTDpeace enforcementpeace operationspeacekeepingenforcement actionssecurity councilunited nationsinternational relationscivil warintrastate warSomaliaDRCLibyaMaliThesisUniversity of the Witwatersrand, JohannesburgSDG-17: Partnerships for the goals