Motshidisi , Vilakazi2024-06-142024-06-142022Motshidisi , Vilakazi. (2022). The bread cartel: can the conduct of firms in contravention of the competition act be recognised as a violation of human rights?[Master’s dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]. WireDSpace. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/38660https://hdl.handle.net/10539/38660A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws by Coursework and Research Report at the University of the Witwatersrand, JohannesburgSection 4 of the South African Competition Act, 89 of 1998 (‘the Competition Act’) prohibits horizontal restrictive practices in the form of price-fixing, market allocation, and collusive tendering. According to Maphwanya, cartels are among the most egregious forms of competition harm globally. Entities that form cartels frequently weigh the benefits of joining a cartel against the risks of being investigated by competition authorities (Maphwanya, 2017). The Pioneer Foods decision handed down by the Competition Tribunal (‘the Tribunal’) in 2009 charts a complaint lodged in 2006 against various bread manufacturers for allegedly engaging in cartel behaviour; in that these manufacturers engaged in a cartel which had the outcome of fixing the price of bread and dividing markets between themselves. Following the Competition Commission’s investigation and a determination that the bread manufacturers had indeed participated in the cartel, the Tribunal penalised the cartel members by imposing various administrative penalties. The conduct of the bread manufacturers occurred in a South African context, where bread is considered a staple food for many South Africans living in poverty. In light of the aforementioned decision, it is to be considered whether the coordinated conduct of firms seeking to raise prices to maximise on profits at the expense of ordinary and penurious South Africans should be considered a human rights violation. The impact of section 27(1) (b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (‘the Constitution’), which states that everyone has the right to access to food, will be considered explicitly in this report. Furthermore, the obligations of firms found to have violated the provisions of section 4 of the Competition Act are examined in light of whether private persons have constitutional obligations to provide access to food in accordance with section 27(1) (b) of the Constitution. To this end, reference will be made to the provisions of sections 8(2) and 39(2) of the Constitutionen© 2022 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Competition ActCartelsHuman rightsSection 8(2) of the ConstitutionRight to access to foodObligations of private personsUCTDSDG-17: Partnerships for the goalsDissertationUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg