Gorimbo, Joshua2012-07-062012-07-062012-07-06http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11630This study investigates the effect of zeolite modification on Ni2+ removal from synthetic wastewaters. In this study sorptive removal of nickel ions from solutions containing 1-100mg/L using natural and pretreated clinoptilolite (Na+, K+, and Ca2+ homoionic forms) was investigated. The natural clinoptilolite (from Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa) was pretreated with 2M metal chlorides for 24 hrs to yield near homoionic Na, K, and Ca-forms. Experiments were carried out as a function of solute concentration and different zeolite masses. The equilibrium distribution was determined by contacting tared amounts of clinoptilolite (2g batches to 100mL of solution) with a known concentration of Ni2+ until equilibrium was reached. The natural and pretreated clinoptilolite samples were structurally studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM). The cation exchange capacity of this zeolite was determined to be 2.45×10-3 eq/g from XRF major elemental analysis. The equilibrium concentration of the solution was analysed for Ni2+ using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and results presented by plotting ion exchange isotherms. A comparison of the isotherms for the Na+-Ni2+, K+-Ni2+, Ca2+-Ni2+ and natural-Ni2+ systems gave us insight into how the displaced ion affects the selectivity of the clinoptilolite for Ni2+.The Na, K and natural forms presented highly selective convex isotherms whereas the Ca-form has a concave graph suggesting that the selectivity series is Ca2+> Ni2+> (Na+, K+, Natural). Fitting of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to experimental data gave good fits, R2 values ranging from 0.9 – 0.99. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the Ni2+ sorption capacity increases as the values of Keq and ΔG° increase with increasing temperature from 25 to 75°C. The ΔG° values were all negative except for calcium exchanged clinoptilolite at 25 and 35°C, where the ΔG° values were positive 3.098kJ/mol and 0.527kJ/mol respectively. ΔH° was positive for all forms of clinoptilolite and ranged from 18.72 to 42.05 kJ/mol, this provides an indication that the sorption reaction is endothermic for Ni(II). The values of ΔS° for Ni2+ sorption were positive and ranged from 0.08 to 0.14 kJ/mol.K. These positive values indicate increased randomness at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption of Ni2+ on clinoptilolite. As expected from theory, the enthalpy obtained from the Van‟t Hoff plot is dependent not only on the metal ion being adsorbed, but also on the ion being displaced.enThesis