107 BIBLIOGRAPHY Adey, D., Orr, M. and Swemmer, D. 1989. Word Power: The South African Handbook of Grammar, Style, and Usage. Ad Donker: Johannesburg. Alksnis, A. J. 1980. The Hazards of Translation. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Althusser, L. 1971. ?Lenin and philosophy and other essays? in Althusser, L. Ideology and the Ideological State Apparatus. New Left Books: London: Arnold, M (eds). 1978. Steve Biko: Black Consciousness in South Africa. Random House: New York. Baker, EC. 2001. Media Markets and Democracy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Barthes, R. 1977. Image ? Music ? Text. Fontana: London. Beard, A. 2000. The Language of Politics. Routledge: London. Belsey, A. and Chadwick, R. 1992. Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media. Routledge: London. Bennett, T. 1982. Theories of the Media. Theories of Society: Culture, Society and the Media. Routledge: London. Bennett, WL. 1996. ?What is News? The Construction of Political Reality? in Bennett, WL. News. The Politics of Illusion. Routledge: London. Bennett, J. 1974. "Depiction and Convention." In The Monist. Routledge: London. 108 Berger, G. 1999. Towards an analysis of the South African media and transformation, 1994 - 1999. Transformation, (38) pp: 82-116 Berger, G. 2001. ?Problematising race for journalists: Critical Reflections on the SAHRC Inquiry into Media Racism?. Rhodes University, South Africa, October 2001. Http://journ.ru.ac.za/staff/guy/Research/Racism Bertelsen, E. 2000. Race, Class and other prejudices. Rhodes Journalism Review. August. 19. Biko, S. 2005. I Write What I Like. Picador Africa: South Africa. Black, E. 1982. Politics and the News. Butterworths: Toronto. Bonnycastle, S. 1996. In search of authority: An introduction to literary theory. 2nd edition. Broadview Press: London. Boyd-Barrett, O and Newbold, C. (Eds). 1995. Approaches to Media: A Reader. Arnold: London. Carter, R. Goddard, A et al. 1997. Working with Texts: A Core Book For Language Analysis. Routledge: London. Chen, G. 1998. Foundations of Intercultural Communications. Allyn and Bacon: Boston. Curran J (Eds). 1982. Culture, Society and the Media. Methuen: London. Curran, J. Anthony, S. and Wingate, P. (eds). 1987. Essays on Media Power in the Twentieth Century. Methuen: London. Curran, J. 1990. ?The New Revisionism in Mass Communication Research: A Reappraisal? European Journal of Communication 5 (3) pp: 135-164. 109 Curran, J. and Seaton, J. 1998. Power without Responsibility. Routledge: London. Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. (Eds). 2000. Mass Media and Society. Arnold: London. De Villiers, J. 1976. South African Community and the Newspapers: Socio- Historical Study. Dphil research report submitted at the University of Orange Free State. Duncan, J and Seloane, M. 1998. Media and Democracy in South Africa. HRC and FXI: Pretoria Eco, U. 1972. Theory of Semiotics. Muchen: Fink. Eco, U. 1984. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Indiana University Press: Bloomington Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power. Longman: London. Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge Polity Press: Cambridge. Fairclough, N. 1995. Media Discourse. Edward Arnold: London. Foucault, M. (1980). Power /Knowledge. Harvester: London. Fowler, R. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. Routledge: New York. Garner, R. 1996. Contemporary Movements and Ideologies. DePaul University: Chicago. Garnham, N. 1990. Capitalism and Communication: Global Culture and the Economics of Information. Sage Publications: London. Garnham, N. 1995. ?Media and the Public Sphere? in Boyd Barrett, O and Newbold, C. (Eds). Approaches to Media: A Reader. Arnold: London. 110 Geraghty, C. 2000. The Television Studies Book. Arnold: London. Gitlin, T. 1980. The World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left. University of Carlifornia Press: Berkeley. Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. Routledge: London. Goga, C. 2000. ?Women and Media in South Africa?. Paper presented at HSRC in Pretoria on 5 August 2000. Gombrich, E. 1960. Art and illusion. Phaidon: London. Golding, P and Murdock, G. 2000. ?Culture, Communications and Political Economy? in Curran, J and Gurevitch, M. (Eds) Mass Media and Society. London: Arnold. Goodwin, B. 1989. Using Political Ideas. John Wiley: New York. Graber, D. McQuail, D and Norris, P (Eds) 1998. The Politics of News: The News of Politics. Press Washington DC: Washington. Gramsci, A. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Quiton, H and Smiths, G (Eds). International Publishers: New York. Grossberg, L. (1993). "Cultural Studies in new worlds." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10 (1993) pp: 1-22. Gunter, G. 2000. Media Research Methods." Measuring Audiences, Reactions and Impact?. SAGE Publication: London. Gustave, L. 1973. Psychology of the Masses. Stuttgart Press: London. 111 Gurevitch, M., Bennett, T. Curran, J and Woollacott, J. (Eds). 1982. Culture, Society and the Media. Methuen: London. Harber, A. 1985. ?Behind Closed Doors: Media Murders? Work in Progress, No 36. Habermas, J. 198. The Structural Transformation of The Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. MIT Press: Cambridge. Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms. MIT Press: Cambridge. Hachten, WA. 1984. The Press and Apartheid. University of Wiscoin Press: Madison. Hakemulder, J. 2004. ?Foregrounding and its effects on readers? perception?. Discourse Processes. 38 (2), pp 193-218. Hall, S. 1982. ?Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms? Bennett, T., Martin, G., Mercer, C and Woollacott, J. (Eds). Culture, Ideology and Social Process. BT Batsford: London. Hall, S. 1973. The determination of news photographs? Cohen, S and Young, J. (Eds). The Manufacture of News: A Reader. Sage: Beverly Hills. Hall, S. 1977. ?Culture, the media and the 'ideological effect? in Curran, J. et al (Eds). Mass Communication and Society. Edward Arnold: London. Hall, S. 1978. ?The social production of news? in Hall, S. Critcher, C. Jefferson, A et al (Eds). Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and the Law and Order. Macmillan: London. Hall, S. 1996. ?Signification, representation, ideology, Althusser and the post-structuralist debates? in Curran, J. Morley, D and Walkerdine, V. (Eds). Cultural Studies and Communications. Arnold: New York. 112 Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar: 2nd ed. Edward Arnold: London. Herman, E and Chomsky, N. 2002. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. Pantheon: New York. Jacobs, S. 2000. ?Nelson Mandela makes a merry meal of the media?. Rhodes Journalism Review. August Issue. Kellner, D. 1989."Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism and Media Culture." Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 9 pp 05-17. Kennedy, J. 1974. A Psychology of Picture Perception. Edward Arnold: London. Kress, G. 1990. Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Lapsley, R and Westlake, M 1988. Film Theory: An Introduction. Manchester University Press: Manchester. Leatt, J. Kneifel, T. and Nurnberger, K (Eds). 1986. Contending Ideologies in South Africa. David Phillip Publishers: South Africa. Lee, D. 1992. Competing Discourses. Perspective and Ideology in Language. Longman Publishers: New York. Leon, T. 1999. Hope and Fear: Reflections of a Democrat. Jonathan Ball Publishers: Johannesburg. Lindlof, T. R. 1995. Qualitative Communication Research Methods. Sage: Thousand Oaks. Louw, P, E. 1996. South African Media Policy: Debates of the 1990s. Bellville: South Africa. 113 MacGregor, B. 1997. ?Theories of News Production, from 'Mr Gates' to market driven journalism? in MacGregor, B. (Eds). Live, Direct and Biased? Making Television News in the Satellite Age. Arnold: London. Manheim, J. 1998. ?The News Shapers: Strategic Communication as a Third Force in News Making? in Graber, D. McQuail, D and Norris, P (Eds). The Politics of News: The News of Politics. CO Press: Washington. Manning, P. 2001. News and News Sources. Sage: London. Manoim, I. 1996. You have been warned: The First Ten Years of the Mail and Guardian. Viking: London. Marais, H 2001. South Africa: Limits to Change. The Political Economy of Transition. University of Cape Town Press: Cape Town. Marx, K and Engels, F. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. Arnold: London. McChesney, R. 2000. ?Journalism, Democracy and Class Struggle?. Monthly Review, Vol 52, No 6. McNair, B. 1998. The Sociology of Journalism. Arnold: London. McQuail, D. 1972. The Sociology of Mass Communication. Penguin: UK. McQuail, D. 1992. Media Performance: Mass Communications and the Public Interests. Sage: London. McQuail, D and Norris, P 1998 (Eds). The Politics of News: The News of Politics. CO Press: Washington DC. 114 Merrett, C. 1994. A Culture of Censorship: Secrecy and Intellectual Repression in South Africa. David Phillip: Cape Town. Merrill, J and Lowenstein, R. 1979. Media, Messages and Men: The New Perspective in Communication. Longman: New York. Morris, M. 1993. ?South Africa: Political Violence, Reform and Reconstruction?. Review of African Political Economy 44. Moscow, V. 1996. The Political Economy of Communications. Sage: London. Mukarovsky, J. 1970. Linguistics and Literary Style. Ann Artor: New York. Nachmias, CF and Nachmias, D. 1996. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. St Martin's Press: New York. Ndlela, N. 2003. ?Challenges and Prospects for Press Freedom: Comparative Perspectives on Media Laws in Zimbabwe and South Africa, Dr. Art Thesis submitted in the Faculty of Art, University of Oslo Netshitenzhe, J. 2002. Presentation on ?The role of the media in building the national interest? Goedgedacht Forum for Social Reflection on 27 July 2002. Neuman, WL. 1994. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. University of Winsconsin Press: USA. Nkutha, Z. 2000. ?Media and Markets?. Rhodes Journalism Review. August. 19 (52). O' Regan, K. 2001. ?Democracy and Access to Information in the South African Constitution: Some Reflection?. Seminar Report. 115 Oseni, T. 1999 (Eds). The Media, Transition and Nigeria. Tosen Consult: Lagos. Park, R. 1955. Society Collective Behaviour: News and Opinion- Sociology and Modern Society. The Free Press: Glencoe. Patton, M. Q. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation Methods (2nd Ed.). Sage: Newbury Park. . Pillay, D. 2004. ?Media Diversity and the Contested Character of the Post Apartheid State? Politikon 31(2) Nov. Raphael, M. 1954. The Struggle to Understand Art. Butterworth Press: Toronto. Ricouer, P. 1981. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Robert O. 1974. Der Augenschein im Strafprozelss. Schulthess: Zurich. Roelofse, J.1983. Signs and Significance: A Different Perspective on Communication. McGraw Hill: Johannesburg. Schiller, H. 1989. The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Schiller, H. 1991. "Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era". Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8 pp 13-28. Schudson, M. 2000. ?The Sociology of News Production Revisited? in Curran, J and Gurevitch, M (Eds). Media and Society. Sage: London. Seldon, R. & Widdowson, P. 1993. A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, 3rd edition. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester. Shoemaker, P. 1991. Gatekeeping. Sage: London 116 Short, M. 1973. ?Some Thoughts on Foregrounding and Interpretation.? Language and Style, 6 (2), pp 97- 108. Seymore-Ure, C. 1968. The Press, Politics and the Public. Methuen: London. Simpson, P. 1993. Language, Ideology and Point of View. Routledge: New York. Sono, T. 1993. Reflections on the Origins of Black Consciousness in South Africa. HSRC: South Africa. South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF). 2005. ?All Media and Products Survey (AMPS) and Living Standard Measure 2001 and 2004?. SAARF: Johannesburg. South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF). 2005. ?The SAARF Universal Living Standard Measure (SULSM) 12 Years of Continuous Development?. SAARF: Johannesburg. South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). 2000. ?Faultless: Inquiry into Racism in the Media?. SAHRC: Pretoria Sparks, A. 2003. Beyond the Miracle: Inside the New South Africa. Jonathan Ball Publishers: Cape Town. Stark, R and Roberts, L. 1998. Contemporary Social Research Methods. 2nd edition. Microcase Corporation: London. Thale, T. ?Living History: SA's biggest daily gets a facelift?. Sowetan, March 15 2002. Thetela, P. 1998 ?Press Reports on the 1998 SADC?s military intervention in Lesotho?. Discourse and Society, Vol.120 (3), pp 310 - 353. Tolson, A. 1996. Mediations, Texts and Discourse in Media Studies. Arnold: London. 117 Tomaselli, K., Tomaselli, R. and Muller, J. 1987a. The Press in South Africa. James Currey: London. Tomaselli, K., Tomaselli, R. and Muller, J. 1987b. Narrating the Crisis: Hegemony and the South African Press. Anthropolis Publishers: Johannesburg. Tomaselli, K. and Louw, P. 1991. Studies on the South African Media: The Alternative Press in South Africa. Anthropolis Publishers: Bellville. Tomaselli, K. and Dunn, H. 2001 (Eds). Media, Democracy and Renewal in Southern Africa. International Academic Publishers: Colorado. Tuchman, B. 1978. A Distant Mirror. Macmillan: London. Tyson, H. 1993. Editors Under Fire. Random House: South Africa. Van Dijk, T.A. 1995. ?Discourse Semantics and Ideology? Discourse & Society Vol 6 (2). Vincent, A. 1995. Modern Political Ideologies. Blackwell: Oxford. Volosinov, V. 1973. Marxist and the Philosophy of Language. Seminar Press: New York. Welsh, D. 1998. Ironic Victory: Liberalism in Post Liberation South Africa. Oxford University Press: Cape Town. White, M. 1992. ?Ideological analysis and television?, in R. Allen (Eds). Channels of Discourse. Routledge: London. Willett, S. 1994. ?Open Arms for the Prodigal Son? The Future of the South Africa's Trade Policies? African Defence Review, No 17. 118 Winfried, S. 1990. Handbook of Semiotics. Indiana University Press: Indiana. Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell: Oxford. Woollacott, J. 1982. ?Messages and Meanings? in Gurevitch, M. Bennett, T. Curran, J and Woollacott, J (Eds). Culture, Society and the Media. Methuen: London. Worth, S. 1975. "Pictures can't say ain't." Versus. Vol. 12, Young, D and Regnart, N. 1992. Media and Meaning. Oxford University Press: Southern Africa. Other Sources BBC News. Monday 28 May 2001: 1207 M&G, February 13 ? 20, 2001 M&G, July 13 ? 19, 2001 M&G, September 7 - 13, 2001 M&G, September 27, 2001 M&G, October 19 ? 25, 2001 M&G, November 2 ? 8, 2001 M&G, November 9 ? 15, 2001 M&G, November 16 ? 22, 2001 M&G, November 16 ? 22, 2001 M&G, November 16 ? 22, 2001 M&G, November 23 ? 29, 2001 Sowetan, November 16, 2001 Sowetan, November 16, 2001 Sowetan, November 19, 2001 Sowetan, November 19, 2001 Sowetan, November 22, 2001 Weekly Mail, June 15, 1985 Weekly Mail, December 8, 1989