28
 Chapter III: A cryptic Mesoarchean terrane in the basement to 
the Central African Copperbelt: U-Pb isotope evidence from 
detrital and xenocrystic zircons in the Muva and Katangan 
sequences*
 C. RAINAUD1, S. MASTER1, R.A. ARMSTRONG2 & L.J. ROBB1
 1Economic Geology Research Institute/Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, School of 
Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Pvt. Bag 3, WITS 2050, 
Johannesburg, South Africa. 
2Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, 
ACT 0200, Australia. 
Abstract: In a study of the geochronology of the Katangan Sequence and 
its basement in the Central African Copperbelt (Rainaud et al., 1999), detrital 
and xenocrystic zircons from Muva quartzites and Katangan lapilli tuffs, were 
dated using the SHRIMP. A detrital population (dated between 3007 and 
3031 Ma) and a group of xenocrystic zircons aged between 3169 and 3225 
Ma provide the first evidence for the existence of a Mesoarchean basement 
beneath the Central African Copperbelt.  
1. Introduction 
 The Central African Copperbelt, hosted by the Katangan Sequence, is 
situated in Zambia and the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of 
Congo (D.R.C.). The Katangan Sequence, which is subdivided into the Roan, 
Lower and Upper Kundelungu Supergroups, consists mainly of 
metasediments with minor mafic tuffs and sills (Figure 1). Its deposition took 
                                                           
* This chapter appeared in Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 160, 2003, pp. 11-14
29
 place between 880 and 620 Ma (Armstrong et al., 1999; Cahen et al., 1984). 
The exposed basement to the Katangan Sequence consists of a 
Paleoproterozoic magmatic arc terrain dated at between 2050 Ma and 1800 
Ma (Rainaud et al., 1999).  On this basement the (as yet undated) Muva 
supracrustal succession of conglomerates, orthoquartzites and shales was 
deposited. This basement was then intruded by the 880 Ma Nchanga 
Granite, followed shortly by the deposition of the Katangan Sequence 
(Armstrong et al., 1999). To the west, the Katangan Sequence is flanked by 
the c. 1300-1000 Ma Kibaran Belt, which separates it from the Neoarchean 
rocks of the Kasai-Congo Craton (Cahen et al., 1984; Delhal, 1991; Tack et 
al., 1999).  
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the eastern part of the Central African Copperbelt. 
After Fran?ois, 1974. 
30
 2. Sampling 
Detrital zircons were separated from a sample of crossbedded quartzite 
(MVQ1) from the Muva Supergroup, which was collected south of Mufulira 
(Zambia) at 21?12?E, 12?36?S. Numerous xenocrystic zircons were found in a 
lapilli tuff (S11) from the Mwashya Group in the upper part of the Roan 
Supergroup. This tuff was sampled at Shituru Mine (26?50?E, 11?01?S), near 
Likasi, in the central part of the Lufilian Arc (D. R. C.). 
3. Analytical techniques 
U-Pb analyses were performed on the SHRIMP I and II ion microprobes 
at The Australian National University, Canberra. The separation of zircons 
was carried out at the Hugh Allsopp Laboratory, Johannesburg, using 
conventional techniques. The SHRIMP analytical procedure used in this 
study is similar to that described by Clau?-Long et al., (1995). Age 
calculations and plotting were done using Isoplot/Ex (Ludwig, 2000). Zircons 
from sample MVQ1 were randomly selected for analysis; in sample S11, 
more than 80% of all available zircons were analysed. In the following age 
interpretations only isotopic ratios that are 10% or less discordant were 
considered as reliable age indicators. 
4. Detrital zircons 
52 U-Pb analyses were carried out on 49 detrital zircons from sample 
MVQ1. Of these analyses, 49 were 10% or less discordant in terms of 
207Pb/206Pb ages. The results are plotted on a concordia diagram in Figure 2, 
and the age distributions are shown on a histogram plot as an inset. The 
detrital zircons form several distinct populations, which range in age from 
3180 to 1941 Ma. The youngest detrital zircons (22% of the population) form 
a cluster of ages peaking at 1990 Ma, but which range from 2099?15 Ma to 
31
 1941?40 Ma (which is the maximum age for the Muva quartzite) (Table 1). A 
second cluster of ages (39%) has a peak at about 2190 Ma, and ranges from 
2297?20 to 2114 ?39 Ma. A third group of ages (6%) ranges from 2400?19 to 
2371?17 Ma. A fourth group of zircons (23%) has ages which range from 
2708?18 to 2463?25 Ma. This group has a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 
around 2500 Ma and 2700 Ma. There is a last group of zircons (8%) whose 
ages range from 3031?6 to 3007?15 Ma, with a peak at around 3020 Ma. 
Finally, the oldest detrital zircon is dated at 3180?12 Ma.  
Figure 2. a) 206Pb/238U vs 207Pb/235/U concordia plot of ages (Ma) of detrital zircons from the 
Muva quartzite, sample MVQ1. b) Histogram plot showing the relative distribution of  
207Pb/206Pb ages of the detrital zircons. 
5. Xenocrystic zircons 
 Numerous zircons were found in a lapilli tuff  (S11) from the Mwashya 
Group in the Katangan Sequence. Out of the 48 zircons analysed, 43 yielded 
207Pb/206Pb ages that were 10% or less discordant (Figure 3). With the 
exception of two zircons which yielded very discordant 207Pb/206Pb apparent 
ages of 609 ? 288 Ma and681 ? 67 Ma (Table 2), all other zircons yielded 
ages greater than 880 Ma, the maximum age of the Katangan Sequence 
(Armstrong et al., 1999). Consequently the bulk of the zircon population from  
32
 T
 a
 b
 le
  
1
 . 
S
 u
 m
 m
 a
 ry
  
o
 f 
S
 H
 R
 IM
 P
  
U
 -
 T
 h
 -
 P
 b
  
z
 ir
 c
 o
 n
  
re
 s
 u
 lt
 s
  
fo
 r 
s
 a
 m
 p
 le
  
M
 V
 Q
 1
 .
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
R
 a
 d
 io
 g
 e
 n
 ic
  
R
 a
 ti
 o
 s
 A
 g
 e
 s
  
(in
  
M
 a
 )
 G
 r
 a
 in
 .
 U
 T
 h
 T
 h
 /U
 P
 b
 *
 2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /
 f 2
 0
 6
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 s
 p
 o
 t
 (p
 p
 m
 )(
 p
 p
 m
 )
 (p
 p
 m
 )
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 %
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 %
 1
 .
 1
 1
 3
 2
 1
 8
 8
 1
 .
 4
 2
 8
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 .0
 1
 5
 0
 .
 4
 7
 7
 0
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 9
 1
 0
 .
 5
 7
 2
 0
 .3
 4
 0
 0
 .
 1
 6
 0
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 3
 2
 5
 1
 4
 5
 6
 2
 4
 8
 6
 3
 0
 2
 4
 6
 3
 2
 5
 1
 0
 2
 2
 .1
 4
 1
 3
 1
 6
 8
 0
 .
 4
 1
 1
 7
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 5
 0
 .
 3
 9
 3
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 1
 7
 .3
 3
 5
 0
 .
 1
 9
 4
 0
 .
 1
 3
 5
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 1
 3
 9
 4
 2
 2
 1
 5
 3
 2
 4
 2
 1
 6
 6
 1
 8
 9
 9
 3
 .1
 3
 4
 3
 1
 8
 6
 0
 .
 5
 4
 1
 3
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 5
 0
 .
 3
 8
 0
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 8
 6
 7
 .0
 1
 8
 0
 .
 1
 6
 8
 0
 .
 1
 3
 3
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 7
 2
 0
 7
 8
 4
 0
 2
 1
 1
 4
 2
 1
 2
 1
 4
 9
 1
 0
 9
 7
 3
 .2
 3
 8
 8
 3
 6
 0
 .
 0
 9
 1
 5
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 8
 0
 .
 2
 8
 1
 0
 .
 4
 0
 1
 4
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 2
 7
 .1
 9
 9
 0
 .
 2
 0
 0
 0
 .
 1
 3
 0
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 1
 2
 1
 7
 6
 4
 7
 2
 1
 3
 6
 2
 5
 2
 0
 9
 9
 1
 5
 1
 0
 4
 4
 .
 1
 1
 4
 3
 5
 5
 0
 .3
 8
 6
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 8
 0
 .1
 2
 9
 0
 .
 4
 2
 8
 2
 0
 .
 0
 1
 3
 2
 8
 .
 4
 2
 1
 0
 .
 2
 8
 5
 0
 .1
 4
 2
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 5
 2
 2
 9
 7
 6
 0
 2
 2
 7
 7
 3
 1
 2
 2
 6
 0
 1
 9
 1
 0
 2
 5
 .
 1
 1
 0
 2
 9
 7
 0
 .9
 6
 4
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 5
 8
 0
 .8
 8
 9
 0
 .
 4
 0
 2
 7
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 2
 7
 .
 7
 7
 4
 0
 .
 2
 9
 9
 0
 .1
 4
 0
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 8
 2
 1
 8
 2
 5
 6
 2
 2
 0
 5
 3
 5
 2
 2
 2
 7
 3
 5
 9
 8
 7
 .
 1
 1
 4
 0
 1
 3
 9
 0
 .
 9
 9
 8
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 6
 0
 .2
 3
 8
 0
 .
 4
 8
 4
 4
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 2
 1
 1
 .
 1
 7
 1
 0
 .3
 2
 6
 0
 .
 1
 6
 7
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 5
 4
 6
 5
 3
 2
 5
 3
 8
 2
 8
 2
 5
 3
 1
 2
 0
 1
 0
 1
 8
 .
 1
 1
 6
 7
 4
 0
 0
 .2
 4
 6
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 7
 0
 .5
 6
 1
 0
 .
 3
 9
 4
 7
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 3
 7
 .
 1
 4
 0
 0
 .
 2
 5
 9
 0
 .1
 3
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 9
 2
 1
 4
 5
 4
 8
 2
 1
 2
 9
 3
 3
 2
 1
 1
 4
 3
 9
 1
 0
 2
 9
 .
 1
 7
 6
 8
 1
 3
 2
 0
 .
 1
 7
 4
 6
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 3
 0
 .2
 0
 7
 0
 .
 5
 6
 5
 9
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 5
 1
 7
 .
 7
 0
 7
 0
 .4
 0
 4
 0
 .
 2
 2
 7
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 8
 2
 8
 9
 1
 5
 2
 2
 9
 7
 4
 2
 2
 3
 0
 3
 1
 6
 9
 5
 1
 0
 .
 1
 1
 1
 8
 8
 2
 0
 .
 7
 0
 6
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 1
 0
 .
 4
 7
 2
 9
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 7
 1
 0
 .
 6
 7
 1
 0
 .3
 2
 0
 0
 .
 1
 6
 3
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 7
 2
 4
 9
 6
 5
 6
 2
 4
 9
 5
 2
 8
 2
 4
 9
 4
 1
 8
 1
 0
 0
 1
 1
 .
 1
 2
 2
 5
 1
 8
 0
 0
 .8
 0
 1
 0
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 0
 .0
 6
 6
 0
 .
 3
 8
 7
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 6
 7
 .
 3
 6
 2
 0
 .
 2
 1
 0
 0
 .1
 3
 7
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 6
 2
 1
 1
 3
 4
 5
 2
 1
 5
 6
 2
 6
 2
 1
 9
 8
 2
 0
 9
 6
 1
 2
 .
 1
 3
 6
 6
 1
 8
 0
 0
 .4
 9
 1
 4
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 1
 2
 0
 .
 3
 9
 0
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 8
 6
 7
 .
 3
 5
 5
 0
 .
 1
 8
 0
 0
 .1
 3
 6
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 1
 2
 1
 2
 4
 4
 0
 2
 1
 5
 6
 2
 2
 2
 1
 8
 6
 1
 4
 9
 7
 1
 3
 .
 1
 1
 1
 4
 9
 1
 0
 .
 7
 9
 4
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 4
 7
 0
 .7
 1
 6
 0
 .
 3
 5
 3
 3
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 0
 5
 .
 7
 9
 4
 0
 .
 2
 1
 9
 0
 .1
 1
 9
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 6
 1
 9
 5
 0
 4
 8
 1
 9
 4
 6
 3
 3
 1
 9
 4
 1
 4
 0
 1
 0
 1
 1
 4
 .
 1
 2
 8
 6
 7
 8
 0
 .
 2
 7
 1
 2
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .2
 9
 8
 0
 .
 4
 2
 3
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 5
 9
 .
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .
 2
 3
 8
 0
 .1
 5
 4
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 2
 7
 5
 4
 8
 2
 3
 3
 9
 2
 4
 2
 3
 9
 6
 1
 1
 9
 5
 1
 5
 .
 1
 2
 1
 9
 1
 2
 0
 0
 .5
 5
 9
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 2
 0
 .4
 9
 1
 0
 .
 4
 0
 2
 8
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 2
 7
 .
 6
 2
 5
 0
 .
 2
 3
 7
 0
 .1
 3
 7
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 1
 2
 1
 8
 2
 4
 7
 2
 1
 8
 8
 2
 8
 2
 1
 9
 3
 2
 7
 1
 0
 0
 1
 6
 .
 1
 2
 1
 6
 1
 9
 3
 0
 .9
 0
 9
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 6
 0
 .4
 0
 2
 0
 .
 3
 7
 2
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 8
 9
 6
 .
 3
 2
 5
 0
 .
 1
 7
 4
 0
 .1
 2
 3
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 0
 4
 2
 4
 2
 2
 0
 2
 2
 2
 4
 2
 0
 0
 2
 2
 0
 1
 0
 2
 1
 7
 .
 1
 1
 3
 2
 1
 4
 9
 1
 .1
 3
 5
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 2
 0
 .4
 9
 4
 0
 .
 4
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 5
 7
 .
 3
 9
 0
 0
 .
 2
 6
 2
 0
 .1
 3
 3
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 2
 1
 7
 8
 5
 8
 2
 1
 6
 0
 3
 2
 2
 1
 4
 3
 2
 4
 1
 0
 2
 1
 8
 .
 1
 3
 1
 6
 2
 3
 7
 0
 .7
 5
 1
 7
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 6
 0
 .2
 4
 4
 0
 .
 4
 8
 2
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 7
 2
 1
 0
 .
 7
 6
 4
 0
 .3
 9
 8
 0
 .
 1
 6
 1
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 5
 3
 6
 7
 5
 2
 5
 0
 3
 3
 5
 2
 4
 7
 6
 1
 0
 1
 0
 2
 1
 9
 .
 1
 2
 0
 3
 1
 7
 0
 0
 .8
 4
 8
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 6
 0
 .0
 8
 5
 0
 .
 3
 6
 8
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 9
 6
 .
 5
 5
 8
 0
 .
 1
 9
 8
 0
 .1
 2
 9
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 0
 2
 0
 4
 7
 2
 0
 5
 4
 2
 7
 2
 0
 8
 7
 1
 9
 9
 7
 2
 0
 .
 1
 1
 8
 9
 1
 5
 8
 0
 .8
 3
 1
 0
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 4
 1
 0
 .6
 2
 1
 0
 .
 5
 0
 4
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 2
 7
 1
 2
 .
 5
 3
 8
 0
 .3
 5
 9
 0
 .
 1
 8
 0
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 6
 3
 1
 5
 5
 2
 6
 4
 6
 2
 7
 2
 6
 5
 6
 1
 8
 9
 9
 2
 1
 .
 1
 3
 9
 2
 3
 5
 6
 0
 .9
 1
 1
 7
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .1
 9
 0
 0
 .
 3
 7
 8
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 2
 6
 .
 3
 1
 2
 0
 .
 1
 7
 2
 0
 .1
 2
 0
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 2
 2
 0
 7
 1
 4
 3
 2
 0
 2
 0
 2
 4
 1
 9
 6
 8
 1
 7
 1
 0
 5
 2
 2
 .
 1
 2
 1
 7
 1
 4
 4
 0
 .6
 6
 1
 0
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .1
 7
 9
 0
 .
 4
 1
 0
 4
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 7
 7
 .
 7
 7
 5
 0
 .
 2
 4
 4
 0
 .1
 3
 7
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 2
 1
 7
 4
 9
 2
 2
 0
 5
 2
 9
 2
 1
 9
 5
 2
 5
 1
 0
 1
 2
 3
 .
 1
 2
 2
 7
 1
 8
 2
 0
 .8
 0
 9
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 9
 0
 .4
 4
 2
 0
 .
 4
 0
 8
 3
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 0
 7
 .
 6
 5
 3
 0
 .
 2
 1
 3
 0
 .1
 3
 5
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 2
 0
 7
 4
 6
 2
 1
 9
 1
 2
 5
 2
 1
 7
 6
 1
 9
 1
 0
 1
 2
 4
 .
 1
 6
 2
 8
 9
 1
 .4
 4
 4
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 8
 0
 .4
 2
 2
 0
 .
 4
 9
 0
 5
 0
 .
 0
 2
 0
 4
 1
 1
 .
 5
 5
 8
 0
 .5
 5
 2
 0
 .
 1
 7
 0
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 3
 2
 2
 5
 7
 3
 8
 9
 2
 5
 6
 9
 4
 6
 2
 5
 6
 7
 3
 2
 1
 0
 0
 2
 5
 .
 1
 8
 6
 3
 9
 0
 .4
 5
 3
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 4
 0
 .5
 2
 3
 0
 .
 4
 0
 2
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 1
 9
 7
 .
 4
 8
 8
 0
 .
 2
 6
 3
 0
 .1
 3
 5
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 1
 2
 1
 7
 9
 5
 5
 2
 1
 7
 2
 3
 2
 2
 1
 6
 5
 2
 7
 1
 0
 1
 2
 6
 .
 1
 5
 6
 3
 1
 9
 7
 0
 .3
 5
 3
 1
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 5
 0
 .0
 7
 1
 0
 .
 5
 1
 8
 6
 0
 .
 0
 1
 1
 0
 1
 3
 .
 2
 1
 8
 0
 .2
 9
 0
 0
 .
 1
 8
 4
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 6
 2
 6
 9
 3
 4
 7
 2
 6
 9
 5
 2
 1
 2
 6
 9
 7
 6
 1
 0
 0
 2
 7
 .
 1
 4
 3
 5
 1
 6
 1
 0
 .3
 7
 1
 7
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 8
 8
 1
 .3
 4
 9
 0
 .
 3
 9
 1
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 9
 8
 .
 2
 1
 3
 0
 .
 2
 3
 1
 0
 .1
 5
 2
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 5
 2
 1
 2
 9
 4
 6
 2
 2
 5
 5
 2
 6
 2
 3
 7
 1
 1
 7
 9
 0
 2
 8
 .
 1
 2
 6
 6
 1
 6
 2
 0
 .6
 1
 1
 3
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 2
 0
 .3
 4
 0
 0
 .
 4
 4
 0
 8
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 3
 1
 1
 .
 2
 0
 1
 0
 .2
 8
 6
 0
 .
 1
 8
 4
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 3
 5
 4
 4
 6
 2
 5
 4
 0
 2
 4
 2
 6
 9
 2
 1
 3
 8
 8
 N
 o
 te
 s
  
:
 1
 .
  
 
U
 n
 c
 e
 rt
 a
 in
 ti
 e
 s
  
g
 iv
 e
 n
  a
 t 
th
 e
  o
 n
 e
  ?
 ? le
 v
 e
 l.
 2
 . 
 
f 2
 0
 6
  
%
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
th
 e
  p
 e
 rc
 e
 n
 ta
 g
 e
  o
 f 
2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
th
 a
 t 
is
  
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  
P
 b
 .
 3
 .
  
 
C
 o
 rr
 e
 c
 ti
 o
 n
  f
 o
 r 
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  P
 b
  
m
 a
 d
 e
  
u
 s
 in
 g
  
th
 e
  m
 e
 a
 s
 u
 re
 d
  
2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
ra
 ti
 o
 .
 4
 .
  
 
F
 o
 r 
%
  
C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 ,
  
1
 0
 0
 %
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
a
  c
 o
 n
 c
 o
 rd
 a
 n
 t 
a
 n
 a
 ly
 s
 is
 .
33
 T
 a
 b
 le
  
1
 .
  
S
 u
 m
 m
 a
 ry
  
o
 f 
S
 H
 R
 IM
 P
  
U
 -
 T
 h
 -
 P
 b
  
z
 ir
 c
 o
 n
  
re
 s
 u
 lts
  
fo
 r 
s
 a
 m
 p
 le
  
M
 V
 Q
 1
 .
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
R
 a
 d
 io
 g
 e
 n
 ic
  
R
 a
 ti
 o
 s
 A
 g
 e
 s
  
(in
  
M
 a
 )
 G
 ra
 in
 .
 U
 T
 h
 T
 h
 /U
 P
 b
 *
 2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /
 f 2
 0
 6
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 s
 p
 o
 t
 p
 p
 m
 p
 p
 m
 p
 p
 m
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 %
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 %
 2
 9
 .
 1
 7
 3
 2
 9
 0
 .3
 9
 5
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 1
 0
 .3
 1
 7
 0
 .
 6
 1
 7
 9
 0
 .0
 2
 2
 9
 2
 1
 .
 2
 3
 5
 0
 .8
 2
 5
 0
 .
 2
 4
 9
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 3
 1
 0
 2
 9
 2
 3
 1
 4
 9
 3
 8
 3
 1
 8
 0
 1
 2
 9
 8
 3
 0
 .
 1
 1
 4
 7
 7
 6
 0
 .
 5
 2
 8
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 5
 0
 .3
 8
 2
 0
 .
 5
 1
 8
 0
 0
 .0
 1
 4
 7
 1
 3
 .
 2
 9
 1
 0
 .4
 2
 0
 0
 .
 1
 8
 6
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 6
 9
 1
 6
 3
 2
 7
 0
 1
 3
 0
 2
 7
 0
 8
 1
 8
 9
 9
 3
 0
 .
 2
 2
 5
 2
 3
 0
 .9
 0
 1
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 1
 5
 3
 .2
 8
 7
 0
 .
 5
 1
 4
 4
 0
 .0
 2
 2
 6
 1
 2
 .
 5
 5
 9
 0
 .8
 2
 5
 0
 .
 1
 7
 7
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 7
 7
 2
 6
 7
 5
 9
 7
 2
 6
 4
 7
 6
 4
 2
 6
 2
 6
 7
 5
 1
 0
 2
 3
 1
 .
 1
 1
 9
 0
 7
 4
 0
 .
 3
 9
 8
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 5
 0
 .2
 3
 4
 0
 .
 4
 2
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 1
 0
 5
 8
 .3
 0
 9
 0
 .2
 3
 1
 0
 .
 1
 4
 2
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 2
 6
 9
 4
 8
 2
 2
 6
 5
 2
 5
 2
 2
 6
 2
 1
 7
 1
 0
 0
 3
 2
 .
 1
 2
 0
 8
 3
 5
 3
 1
 .7
 0
 8
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 5
 3
 0
 .8
 1
 2
 0
 .
 3
 6
 1
 3
 0
 .0
 1
 0
 7
 6
 .1
 1
 7
 0
 .2
 3
 0
 0
 .
 1
 2
 2
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 4
 1
 9
 8
 8
 5
 1
 1
 9
 9
 3
 3
 3
 1
 9
 9
 7
 3
 6
 1
 0
 0
 3
 3
 .
 1
 1
 2
 4
 1
 0
 4
 0
 .8
 4
 5
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 2
 0
 .4
 9
 0
 0
 .
 3
 5
 9
 4
 0
 .0
 1
 0
 5
 5
 .9
 6
 7
 0
 .2
 0
 6
 0
 .
 1
 2
 0
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 8
 1
 9
 7
 9
 5
 0
 1
 9
 7
 1
 3
 0
 1
 9
 6
 2
 2
 7
 1
 0
 1
 3
 4
 .
 1
 2
 0
 0
 1
 2
 7
 0
 .6
 4
 9
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .1
 8
 0
 0
 .
 4
 1
 1
 5
 0
 .0
 1
 0
 9
 7
 .7
 0
 7
 0
 .2
 2
 2
 0
 .
 1
 3
 5
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 1
 2
 2
 2
 2
 5
 0
 2
 1
 9
 7
 2
 6
 2
 1
 7
 5
 1
 5
 1
 0
 2
 3
 5
 .
 1
 1
 6
 6
 5
 6
 0
 .
 3
 4
 7
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .2
 9
 7
 0
 .
 4
 0
 2
 7
 0
 .0
 1
 2
 0
 7
 .6
 1
 6
 0
 .2
 4
 7
 0
 .
 1
 3
 7
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 3
 2
 1
 8
 1
 5
 5
 2
 1
 8
 7
 3
 0
 2
 1
 9
 2
 1
 7
 1
 0
 0
 3
 6
 .
 1
 3
 4
 8
 1
 4
 6
 0
 .4
 2
 1
 3
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 3
 0
 .1
 9
 5
 0
 .
 3
 7
 2
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 8
 2
 6
 .5
 4
 4
 0
 .1
 5
 8
 0
 .
 1
 2
 7
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 0
 3
 9
 3
 8
 2
 0
 5
 2
 2
 1
 2
 0
 6
 5
 1
 3
 9
 9
 3
 7
 .
 1
 1
 1
 0
 1
 2
 4
 1
 .1
 3
 5
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 3
 7
 0
 .5
 7
 0
 0
 .
 4
 2
 2
 4
 0
 .0
 1
 1
 0
 8
 .4
 9
 2
 0
 .2
 5
 3
 0
 .
 1
 4
 5
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 7
 2
 2
 7
 1
 5
 0
 2
 2
 8
 5
 2
 7
 2
 2
 9
 7
 2
 0
 9
 9
 3
 8
 .
 1
 3
 3
 1
 1
 5
 7
 0
 .4
 7
 1
 2
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 7
 0
 .2
 6
 8
 0
 .
 3
 6
 6
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 9
 6
 6
 .6
 8
 3
 0
 .1
 9
 1
 0
 .
 1
 3
 2
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 2
 0
 1
 3
 4
 5
 2
 0
 7
 0
 2
 6
 2
 1
 2
 8
 1
 6
 9
 5
 3
 9
 .
 1
 7
 5
 1
 2
 8
 1
 .
 7
 1
 6
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 3
 5
 0
 .5
 3
 2
 0
 .
 6
 1
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 2
 4
 6
 1
 8
 .
 8
 6
 7
 0
 .8
 0
 2
 0
 .
 2
 2
 3
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 1
 3
 0
 7
 7
 9
 9
 3
 0
 3
 5
 4
 2
 3
 0
 0
 7
 1
 5
 1
 0
 2
 3
 9
 .
 2
 3
 3
 4
 3
 1
 .3
 3
 2
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 1
 0
 .1
 6
 6
 0
 .
 6
 2
 8
 8
 0
 .0
 2
 8
 4
 1
 9
 .
 5
 3
 5
 1
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 .
 2
 2
 5
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 4
 4
 3
 1
 4
 5
 1
 1
 3
 3
 0
 6
 9
 5
 1
 3
 0
 1
 9
 3
 2
 1
 0
 4
 4
 0
 .
 1
 2
 8
 5
 1
 2
 9
 8
 4
 .
 5
 6
 7
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 3
 5
 4
 5
 .4
 2
 3
 0
 .
 1
 9
 7
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 5
 0
 3
 .4
 5
 4
 0
 .1
 9
 4
 0
 .
 1
 2
 7
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 0
 1
 1
 5
 9
 2
 7
 1
 5
 1
 7
 4
 5
 2
 0
 5
 9
 8
 5
 5
 6
 4
 1
 .
 1
 2
 6
 6
 4
 6
 3
 1
 .7
 4
 9
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 4
 8
 0
 .7
 3
 4
 0
 .
 3
 3
 0
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 7
 9
 5
 .6
 3
 9
 0
 .1
 7
 0
 0
 .
 1
 2
 3
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 9
 1
 8
 4
 1
 3
 8
 1
 9
 2
 2
 2
 6
 2
 0
 1
 1
 2
 8
 9
 2
 4
 2
 .
 1
 2
 5
 9
 1
 4
 2
 0
 .5
 5
 1
 5
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 2
 0
 .3
 3
 1
 0
 .
 5
 3
 0
 9
 0
 .0
 1
 2
 6
 1
 3
 .
 5
 9
 2
 0
 .3
 5
 1
 0
 .
 1
 8
 5
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 4
 2
 7
 4
 5
 5
 3
 2
 7
 2
 2
 2
 5
 2
 7
 0
 4
 1
 3
 1
 0
 2
 4
 3
 .
 1
 1
 8
 7
 1
 0
 5
 0
 .5
 6
 9
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 4
 0
 .2
 6
 0
 0
 .
 4
 3
 1
 4
 0
 .0
 2
 0
 4
 8
 .1
 7
 2
 0
 .4
 1
 8
 0
 .
 1
 3
 7
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 3
 1
 2
 9
 2
 2
 2
 5
 0
 4
 7
 2
 1
 9
 5
 2
 6
 1
 0
 5
 4
 4
 .
 1
 3
 0
 7
 1
 8
 9
 0
 .6
 2
 1
 0
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 0
 5
 1
 .9
 7
 1
 0
 .
 3
 0
 9
 1
 0
 .0
 1
 4
 0
 5
 .6
 2
 4
 0
 .3
 0
 1
 0
 .
 1
 3
 1
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 3
 1
 1
 7
 3
 7
 6
 9
 1
 9
 2
 0
 4
 7
 2
 1
 2
 4
 4
 2
 8
 2
 4
 5
 .
 1
 2
 2
 1
 1
 2
 9
 0
 .5
 8
 9
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 9
 0
 .5
 4
 1
 0
 .
 3
 6
 7
 3
 0
 .0
 1
 6
 7
 6
 .0
 5
 9
 0
 .3
 0
 1
 0
 .
 1
 1
 9
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 8
 2
 0
 1
 7
 7
 9
 1
 9
 8
 4
 4
 4
 1
 9
 5
 1
 2
 7
 1
 0
 3
 4
 6
 .
 1
 1
 4
 4
 1
 6
 8
 1
 .1
 7
 9
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 3
 8
 0
 .
 5
 3
 2
 7
 0
 .0
 2
 4
 4
 1
 3
 .
 5
 0
 0
 0
 .6
 5
 3
 0
 .
 1
 8
 3
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 7
 5
 3
 1
 0
 3
 2
 7
 1
 5
 4
 7
 2
 6
 8
 8
 1
 8
 1
 0
 2
 4
 7
 .
 1
 1
 4
 3
 7
 0
 0
 .
 4
 9
 6
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .2
 3
 5
 0
 .
 3
 8
 8
 8
 0
 .0
 1
 8
 7
 6
 .7
 4
 7
 0
 .3
 4
 8
 0
 .
 1
 2
 5
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 7
 2
 1
 1
 7
 8
 7
 2
 0
 7
 9
 4
 7
 2
 0
 4
 1
 2
 5
 1
 0
 4
 4
 8
 .
 1
 4
 0
 6
 2
 2
 2
 0
 .5
 5
 1
 8
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 9
 0
 .1
 6
 2
 0
 .
 4
 1
 0
 1
 0
 .0
 1
 7
 8
 7
 .7
 3
 5
 0
 .3
 4
 7
 0
 .
 1
 3
 6
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 2
 1
 6
 8
 2
 2
 2
 0
 1
 4
 1
 2
 1
 8
 7
 1
 3
 1
 0
 1
 4
 9
 .
 1
 2
 6
 3
 1
 0
 0
 0
 .3
 8
 1
 8
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 2
 6
 0
 .
 6
 1
 1
 4
 0
 .0
 2
 7
 4
 1
 9
 .
 1
 1
 0
 0
 .8
 7
 7
 0
 .
 2
 2
 6
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 3
 0
 7
 6
 1
 1
 1
 3
 0
 4
 7
 4
 5
 3
 0
 2
 9
 9
 1
 0
 2
 5
 0
 .
 1
 1
 5
 4
 1
 1
 5
 0
 .7
 4
 8
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 0
 .0
 6
 6
 0
 .
 4
 7
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 2
 2
 9
 1
 0
 .
 0
 6
 9
 0
 .5
 1
 5
 0
 .
 1
 5
 4
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 7
 2
 4
 9
 1
 1
 0
 1
 2
 4
 4
 1
 4
 8
 2
 4
 0
 0
 1
 9
 1
 0
 4
 N
 o
 te
 s
  
:
 1
 .
  
 
U
 n
 c
 e
 rt
 a
 in
 tie
 s
  
g
 iv
 e
 n
  
a
 t 
th
 e
  o
 n
 e
  ?
  
le
 v
 e
 l.
 2
 . 
 
f 2
 0
 6
  
%
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
th
 e
  p
 e
 rc
 e
 n
 ta
 g
 e
  o
 f 
2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
th
 a
 t 
is
  
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  
P
 b
 .
 3
 .
  
 
C
 o
 rr
 e
 c
 tio
 n
  f
 o
 r 
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  
P
 b
  
m
 a
 d
 e
  
u
 s
 in
 g
  t
 h
 e
  m
 e
 a
 s
 u
 re
 d
  
2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
ra
 tio
 .
 4
 .
  
 
F
 o
 r 
%
  
C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 ,
  
1
 0
 0
 %
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
a
  c
 o
 n
 c
 o
 rd
 a
 n
 t 
a
 n
 a
 ly
 s
 is
 .
34
 tuff sample is interpreted to be xenocrystic in origin. These zircons form 
several distinct age populations ranging from 1018?27 Ma to 3225?11 Ma. 
Some of these zircon populations have ages that overlap those from the 
detrital zircon population in the Muva quartzite. However, some groups from 
the detrital suite are not represented in the suite and vice versa. The 
xenocrystic suite include a population of Mesoproterozoic zircons which is 
completely absent from the detrital zircon population in the Muva quartzites. 
The youngest xenocrystic zircon population, comprising 5 zircons (12% of the 
43 analyses used), is dated at between 1537?89 and 1018?27 Ma. A second 
group of 22 zircons (51%) has Paleoproterozoic ages between 2105?25 and 
1791?21 Ma, with a peak at c. 1860 Ma. One zircon grain provides an age of 
2624?9 Ma, while another is dated at 3021?34 Ma. Finally, there is a large 
group of 14 zircons (33%) which are dated at between 3225?11 and 3169?13 
Ma.  
Figure 3. a) 206Pb/238U vs 207Pb/235/U concordia plot of ages (Ma) of inherited xenocrystic 
zircons from lapilli tuff (sample S11), Mwashya Group, Katangan Sequence. b) Histogram 
plot showing the relative distribution of 207Pb/206Pb ages of the xenocrystic zircons. 
35
 T
 a
 b
 le
  2
 . 
S
 u
 m
 m
 a
 ry
  
o
 f 
S
 H
 R
 IM
 P
  
U
 -
 T
 h
 -P
 b
  
z
 ir
 c
 o
 n
  r
 e
 s
 u
 lts
  
fo
 r 
s
 a
 m
 p
 le
  
S
 1
 1
 .
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
R
 a
 d
 io
 g
 e
 n
 ic
  
R
 a
 ti
 o
 s
 A
 g
 e
 s
  
(in
  
M
 a
 )
 G
 ra
 in
 .
 U
 T
 h
 T
 h
 /U
 P
 b
 *
 2
 04
 P
 b
 /
 f 2
 06
 2
 06
 P
 b
 /
 2
 07
 P
 b
 /
 2
 07
 P
 b
 /
 2
 06
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 07
 P
 b
 /
 C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 s
 p
 o
 t
 (p
 p
 m
 )(
 p
 p
 m
 )
 (p
 p
 m
 )
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 %
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 06
 P
 b
 ?
 2
 38
 U
 ?
 2
 35
 U
 ?
 2
 06
 P
 b
 ?
 %
 1
 .1
 2
 6
 9
 2
 8
 8
 1
 .0
 7
 1
 0
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 2
 2
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 5
 6
 5
 .
 1
 5
 3
 0
 .1
 0
 0
 0
 .
 1
 1
 5
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 8
 1
 8
 0
 1
 2
 8
 1
 8
 4
 5
 1
 7
 1
 8
 9
 4
 1
 2
 9
 5
 2
 .1
 1
 9
 4
 1
 9
 7
 1
 .0
 2
 7
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 3
 4
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 3
 5
 .
 2
 3
 0
 0
 .1
 1
 1
 0
 .
 1
 1
 3
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 8
 1
 8
 6
 2
 3
 1
 1
 8
 5
 8
 1
 8
 1
 8
 5
 3
 1
 3
 1
 0
 1
 3
 .1
 2
 7
 1
 2
 3
 1
 0
 .8
 5
 5
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 1
 7
 3
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 3
 4
 1
 .
 7
 4
 4
 0
 .0
 4
 4
 0
 .
 0
 7
 3
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 0
 1
 0
 2
 9
 1
 9
 1
 0
 2
 5
 1
 6
 1
 0
 1
 8
 2
 7
 1
 0
 1
 4
 .1
 2
 1
 5
 1
 4
 9
 0
 .6
 9
 8
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 8
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 3
 9
 7
 0
 .0
 0
 5
 8
 5
 .
 3
 1
 5
 0
 .1
 0
 2
 0
 .
 1
 1
 3
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 8
 1
 8
 8
 5
 2
 8
 1
 8
 7
 1
 1
 7
 1
 8
 5
 6
 1
 2
 1
 0
 2
 5
 .1
 9
 4
 9
 1
 0
 .
 9
 7
 3
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 .
 3
 3
 1
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 7
 1
 5
 .
 1
 1
 6
 0
 .1
 2
 8
 0
 .
 1
 1
 1
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 1
 8
 4
 6
 3
 5
 1
 8
 3
 9
 2
 1
 1
 8
 3
 1
 1
 9
 1
 0
 1
 6
 .1
 1
 5
 2
 1
 2
 2
 0
 .8
 0
 6
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 2
 0
 0
 .
 3
 7
 0
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 0
 6
 .
 2
 1
 5
 0
 .1
 1
 3
 0
 .
 1
 2
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 8
 2
 0
 3
 1
 2
 8
 2
 0
 0
 7
 1
 6
 1
 9
 8
 2
 1
 1
 1
 0
 3
 7
 .1
 1
 7
 6
 2
 2
 2
 1
 .2
 6
 7
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 6
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 3
 8
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 9
 5
 .
 3
 0
 3
 0
 .1
 2
 2
 0
 .
 1
 1
 3
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 0
 1
 8
 7
 7
 3
 3
 1
 8
 6
 9
 2
 0
 1
 8
 6
 1
 1
 5
 1
 0
 1
 8
 .1
 9
 3
 1
 0
 0
 1
 .0
 7
 7
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 3
 1
 .9
 0
 .
 6
 3
 6
 3
 0
 .0
 1
 2
 5
 2
 1
 .7
 1
 5
 0
 .4
 8
 5
 0
 .
 2
 4
 7
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 1
 3
 1
 7
 4
 4
 9
 3
 1
 7
 1
 2
 2
 3
 1
 6
 9
 1
 3
 1
 0
 0
 9
 .1
 8
 9
 7
 2
 0
 .
 8
 1
 7
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 6
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 6
 4
 8
 9
 0
 .0
 1
 4
 2
 2
 2
 .6
 5
 8
 0
 .5
 3
 2
 0
 .
 2
 5
 3
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 5
 3
 2
 2
 4
 5
 6
 3
 2
 1
 2
 2
 3
 3
 2
 0
 5
 1
 0
 1
 0
 1
 1
 0
 .1
 1
 0
 2
 6
 8
 0
 .6
 6
 4
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .
 3
 7
 6
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 7
 7
 6
 .
 6
 5
 5
 0
 .1
 5
 8
 0
 .
 1
 2
 8
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 3
 2
 0
 6
 1
 3
 6
 2
 0
 6
 7
 2
 1
 2
 0
 7
 2
 1
 7
 1
 0
 0
 1
 1
 .1
 1
 5
 9
 1
 1
 6
 0
 .7
 3
 6
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 2
 9
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 0
 5
 .
 0
 8
 4
 0
 .1
 0
 2
 0
 .
 1
 1
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 8
 1
 8
 3
 8
 2
 9
 1
 8
 3
 4
 1
 7
 1
 8
 2
 9
 1
 2
 1
 0
 1
 1
 2
 .1
 1
 2
 2
 6
 9
 0
 .5
 7
 4
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 5
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 0
 6
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 4
 4
 .
 6
 1
 9
 0
 .1
 1
 5
 0
 .
 1
 0
 9
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 1
 7
 2
 1
 3
 2
 1
 7
 5
 3
 2
 1
 1
 7
 9
 1
 2
 1
 9
 6
 1
 3
 .1
 9
 5
 8
 0
 0
 .
 8
 4
 7
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 .
 6
 3
 2
 6
 0
 .0
 1
 2
 8
 2
 1
 .8
 5
 4
 0
 .4
 7
 8
 0
 .
 2
 5
 0
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 5
 3
 1
 6
 0
 5
 1
 3
 1
 7
 7
 2
 1
 3
 1
 8
 8
 1
 0
 9
 9
 1
 4
 .1
 1
 3
 6
 1
 6
 3
 1
 .2
 0
 1
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 3
 0
 .4
 0
 .
 6
 4
 2
 2
 0
 .0
 1
 4
 0
 2
 2
 .3
 1
 2
 0
 .5
 0
 8
 0
 .
 2
 5
 2
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 1
 2
 3
 1
 9
 8
 5
 5
 3
 1
 9
 7
 2
 2
 3
 1
 9
 7
 7
 1
 0
 0
 1
 5
 .1
 8
 8
 7
 9
 0
 .
 9
 0
 7
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 6
 2
 4
 6
 0
 .0
 1
 3
 2
 2
 1
 .9
 5
 8
 0
 .5
 1
 7
 0
 .
 2
 5
 5
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 3
 1
 2
 8
 5
 3
 3
 1
 8
 2
 2
 3
 3
 2
 1
 6
 1
 3
 9
 7
 1
 6
 .1
 1
 3
 0
 1
 6
 9
 1
 .3
 0
 1
 1
 8
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 5
 0
 .4
 0
 .
 6
 6
 0
 1
 0
 .0
 3
 3
 3
 2
 2
 .8
 0
 5
 1
 .1
 9
 5
 0
 .
 2
 5
 0
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 2
 3
 2
 6
 8
 1
 3
 1
 3
 2
 1
 9
 5
 2
 3
 1
 8
 8
 1
 4
 1
 0
 3
 1
 7
 .1
 2
 2
 6
 1
 1
 8
 0
 .5
 2
 4
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 2
 1
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 1
 8
 4
 1
 0
 .0
 0
 9
 0
 1
 .
 8
 9
 2
 0
 .1
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 7
 4
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 1
 1
 0
 9
 0
 4
 9
 1
 0
 7
 8
 4
 0
 1
 0
 5
 6
 5
 9
 1
 0
 3
 1
 8
 .1
 1
 4
 6
 1
 1
 1
 0
 .7
 6
 5
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 6
 9
 1
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 3
 1
 0
 0
 .0
 1
 5
 7
 5
 .
 0
 7
 5
 0
 .3
 1
 0
 0
 .
 1
 1
 1
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 3
 7
 1
 8
 4
 3
 7
 6
 1
 8
 3
 2
 5
 3
 1
 8
 1
 9
 6
 2
 1
 0
 1
 1
 9
 .1
 8
 0
 5
 8
 0
 .
 7
 3
 6
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .
 6
 7
 4
 0
 0
 .0
 3
 1
 8
 2
 3
 .0
 9
 2
 1
 .1
 3
 3
 0
 .
 2
 4
 8
 5
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 2
 3
 3
 2
 1
 1
 2
 4
 3
 2
 3
 1
 4
 9
 3
 1
 7
 5
 1
 4
 1
 0
 5
 2
 0
 .1
 7
 3
 5
 1
 0
 .
 6
 9
 5
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 0
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 6
 4
 9
 8
 0
 .0
 3
 1
 2
 2
 2
 .5
 2
 6
 1
 .1
 2
 1
 0
 .
 2
 5
 1
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 2
 3
 2
 2
 8
 1
 2
 3
 3
 2
 0
 7
 5
 0
 3
 1
 9
 4
 1
 4
 1
 0
 1
 2
 1
 .1
 9
 0
 7
 6
 0
 .
 8
 4
 7
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 4
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 6
 3
 7
 9
 0
 .0
 1
 9
 0
 2
 2
 .1
 0
 4
 0
 .7
 2
 7
 0
 .
 2
 5
 1
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 7
 3
 1
 8
 1
 7
 5
 3
 1
 8
 8
 3
 2
 3
 1
 9
 3
 1
 7
 1
 0
 0
 2
 2
 .1
 5
 3
 7
 9
 1
 .
 5
 1
 1
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 5
 0
 .4
 0
 .
 2
 3
 9
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 9
 3
 3
 .
 1
 5
 0
 0
 .2
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 9
 5
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 4
 4
 1
 3
 8
 4
 4
 8
 1
 4
 4
 5
 5
 0
 1
 5
 3
 7
 8
 9
 9
 0
 2
 3
 .1
 1
 4
 5
 1
 3
 3
 0
 .9
 2
 1
 1
 6
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 0
 6
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 6
 2
 0
 2
 0
 .0
 1
 7
 6
 2
 1
 .3
 9
 9
 0
 .6
 8
 9
 0
 .
 2
 5
 0
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 3
 0
 3
 1
 1
 1
 7
 0
 3
 1
 5
 7
 3
 2
 3
 1
 8
 6
 1
 9
 9
 8
 2
 4
 .1
 7
 8
 1
 4
 8
 1
 .8
 9
 2
 3
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 5
 3
 0
 .9
 0
 .
 2
 0
 6
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 9
 2
 .
 3
 6
 0
 0
 .1
 4
 3
 0
 .
 0
 8
 2
 9
 0
 .0
 0
 3
 9
 1
 2
 1
 0
 3
 7
 1
 2
 3
 1
 4
 4
 1
 2
 6
 7
 9
 4
 9
 6
 2
 5
 .1
 2
 2
 5
 8
 9
 0
 .4
 0
 5
 4
 0
 .0
 0
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 2
 3
 1
 0
 0
 .0
 0
 6
 2
 2
 .
 6
 4
 9
 0
 .1
 0
 0
 0
 .
 0
 8
 3
 2
 0
 .0
 0
 2
 0
 1
 3
 4
 0
 3
 2
 1
 3
 1
 5
 2
 8
 1
 2
 7
 3
 4
 6
 1
 0
 5
 N
 o
 te
 s
  
:
 1
 .
  
 
U
 n
 c
 e
 rt
 a
 in
 tie
 s
  
gi
 v
 e
 n
  a
 t 
th
 e
  o
 n
 e
  s
  
le
 v
 e
 l.
 2
 . 
 
f 2
 0
 6
  
%
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
th
 e
  p
 e
 rc
 e
 n
 ta
 ge
  o
 f 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
th
 a
 t 
is
  
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  P
 b
 .
 3
 . 
 
C
 o
 rr
 e
 c
 tio
 n
  f
 o
 r 
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  P
 b
  
m
 a
 d
 e
  u
 si
 n
 g 
th
 e
  m
 e
 a
 s
 u
 re
 d
  2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
ra
 tio
 .
 4
 . 
 
F
 o
 r 
%
  
C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 ,
  
1
 0
 0
 %
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
a
  c
 o
 n
 c
 o
 rd
 a
 n
 t 
a
 n
 a
 ly
 s
 is
 .
36
 T
 a
 b
 le
  2
 . 
S
 u
 m
 m
 a
 ry
  
o
 f 
S
 H
 R
 IM
 P
  
U
 -
 T
 h
 -
 P
 b
  
z
 ir
 c
 o
 n
  
re
 s
 u
 lt
 s
  
fo
 r 
s
 a
 m
 p
 le
  
S
 1
 1
 .
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
R
 a
 d
 io
 g
 e
 n
 ic
  
R
 a
 ti
 o
 s
 A
 g
 e
 s
  
(in
  
M
 a
 )
 G
 r
 a
 in
 .
 U
 T
 h
 T
 h
 /U
 P
 b
 *
 2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /
 f 2
 0
 6
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 2
 0
 7
 P
 b
 /
 C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 s
 p
 o
 t
 (p
 p
 m
 )
 (p
 p
 m
 )
 (p
 p
 m
 )
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 %
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 2
 3
 8
 U
 ?
 2
 3
 5
 U
 ?
 2
 0
 6
 P
 b
 ?
 %
 2
 6
 .
 1
 2
 3
 0
 3
 4
 0
 .
 1
 5
 1
 3
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 5
 1
 9
 1
 0
 .
 0
 1
 5
 8
 1
 7
 .0
 6
 7
 0
 .
 5
 5
 1
 0
 .2
 3
 8
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 2
 6
 9
 5
 6
 7
 2
 9
 3
 9
 3
 1
 3
 1
 1
 0
 1
 2
 8
 7
 2
 7
 .
 1
 2
 1
 9
 1
 9
 4
 0
 .8
 8
 9
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 6
 8
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 0
 6
 .
 0
 4
 5
 0
 .1
 6
 3
 0
 .1
 1
 9
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 1
 2
 0
 2
 1
 4
 2
 1
 9
 8
 2
 2
 4
 1
 9
 4
 2
 1
 6
 1
 0
 4
 2
 8
 .
 1
 9
 6
 7
 2
 0
 .7
 5
 7
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 5
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 6
 5
 3
 2
 0
 .
 0
 2
 5
 5
 2
 2
 .5
 6
 1
 0
 .
 9
 4
 0
 0
 .2
 5
 0
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 7
 3
 2
 4
 1
 1
 0
 0
 3
 2
 0
 8
 4
 1
 3
 1
 8
 8
 1
 7
 1
 0
 2
 2
 9
 .
 1
 2
 1
 0
 1
 1
 9
 0
 .5
 7
 9
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 3
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 9
 2
 4
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 8
 7
 .
 0
 6
 1
 0
 .2
 2
 9
 0
 .1
 3
 0
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 2
 1
 3
 4
 5
 0
 2
 1
 1
 9
 2
 9
 2
 1
 0
 5
 2
 5
 1
 0
 1
 3
 0
 .
 1
 3
 5
 9
 2
 2
 2
 0
 .6
 2
 1
 3
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 4
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 4
 4
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 3
 5
 .
 2
 3
 5
 0
 .1
 5
 3
 0
 .1
 1
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 9
 1
 9
 0
 9
 4
 5
 1
 8
 5
 8
 2
 5
 1
 8
 0
 2
 1
 6
 1
 0
 6
 3
 1
 .
 1
 4
 3
 5
 3
 6
 0
 .
 0
 8
 2
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 4
 7
 2
 5
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 7
 1
 1
 .5
 2
 3
 0
 .
 2
 7
 5
 0
 .1
 7
 6
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 9
 2
 4
 9
 5
 4
 7
 2
 5
 6
 6
 2
 3
 2
 6
 2
 4
 9
 9
 5
 3
 2
 .
 2
 1
 7
 8
 8
 2
 0
 .
 4
 6
 6
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 .5
 0
 .
 3
 4
 3
 5
 0
 .
 0
 1
 0
 0
 5
 .
 6
 9
 3
 0
 .2
 1
 3
 0
 .1
 2
 0
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 4
 1
 9
 0
 4
 4
 8
 1
 9
 3
 0
 3
 3
 1
 9
 5
 9
 3
 6
 9
 7
 3
 3
 .
 1
 4
 0
 1
 2
 1
 4
 0
 .5
 3
 2
 1
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 4
 1
 0
 .5
 0
 .
 4
 5
 5
 6
 0
 .
 0
 1
 1
 1
 1
 3
 .1
 9
 7
 0
 .
 3
 4
 1
 0
 .2
 1
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 3
 2
 4
 2
 0
 4
 9
 2
 6
 9
 4
 2
 5
 2
 9
 0
 6
 1
 0
 8
 3
 3
 4
 .
 1
 2
 6
 6
 1
 1
 5
 0
 .4
 3
 1
 6
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 5
 0
 3
 9
 0
 .
 0
 1
 1
 3
 1
 7
 .3
 2
 1
 0
 .
 4
 3
 0
 0
 .2
 4
 9
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 0
 2
 6
 3
 1
 4
 9
 2
 9
 5
 3
 2
 4
 3
 1
 8
 0
 1
 3
 8
 3
 3
 5
 .
 1
 2
 5
 2
 0
 0
 .7
 9
 1
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 7
 9
 1
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 5
 0
 9
 0
 .
 0
 1
 6
 5
 5
 .
 4
 9
 2
 0
 .5
 5
 4
 0
 .1
 1
 3
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 5
 1
 9
 3
 9
 7
 9
 1
 8
 9
 9
 9
 1
 1
 8
 5
 6
 1
 5
 9
 1
 0
 4
 3
 6
 .
 1
 2
 0
 7
 3
 1
 8
 1
 .5
 4
 1
 0
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 0
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 3
 6
 7
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 0
 5
 .
 5
 9
 2
 0
 .1
 6
 6
 0
 .1
 1
 0
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 6
 2
 0
 1
 6
 4
 2
 1
 9
 1
 5
 2
 6
 1
 8
 0
 7
 2
 6
 1
 1
 2
 3
 7
 .
 1
 2
 8
 6
 2
 6
 3
 0
 .9
 2
 4
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 2
 7
 0
 .5
 0
 .
 1
 2
 9
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 8
 1
 .
 1
 0
 7
 0
 .0
 4
 4
 0
 .0
 6
 2
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 9
 7
 8
 2
 1
 6
 7
 5
 7
 2
 1
 6
 8
 1
 6
 7
 1
 1
 5
 3
 8
 .
 1
 9
 2
 6
 1
 0
 .6
 6
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 1
 1
 2
 0
 .
 1
 2
 2
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 3
 7
 1
 .
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .1
 3
 2
 0
 .0
 6
 0
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 7
 3
 7
 4
 7
 2
 1
 7
 1
 4
 6
 8
 6
 0
 9
 2
 8
 8
 1
 2
 3
 3
 8
 .
 2
 1
 1
 7
 9
 4
 0
 .
 8
 1
 1
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .
 1
 2
 9
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 3
 3
 1
 .
 2
 8
 1
 0
 .0
 5
 4
 0
 .0
 7
 1
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 2
 7
 8
 7
 1
 9
 8
 3
 7
 2
 4
 9
 7
 4
 6
 3
 8
 1
 3
 9
 .
 1
 3
 2
 1
 3
 4
 9
 1
 .0
 9
 1
 4
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 9
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 3
 6
 2
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 7
 2
 5
 .
 7
 3
 0
 0
 .1
 3
 6
 0
 .1
 1
 4
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 2
 1
 9
 9
 2
 3
 4
 1
 9
 3
 6
 2
 1
 1
 8
 7
 6
 2
 0
 1
 0
 6
 4
 0
 .
 1
 1
 8
 2
 0
 .
 1
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 6
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 5
 9
 5
 1
 0
 .
 0
 3
 2
 6
 1
 8
 .5
 0
 6
 1
 .
 1
 2
 8
 0
 .2
 2
 5
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 4
 7
 3
 0
 1
 0
 1
 3
 3
 3
 0
 1
 6
 6
 0
 3
 0
 2
 1
 3
 4
 1
 0
 0
 4
 1
 .
 1
 9
 5
 6
 7
 0
 .7
 1
 3
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 8
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 5
 1
 5
 0
 .
 0
 1
 1
 1
 5
 .
 6
 3
 0
 0
 .2
 0
 3
 0
 .1
 1
 6
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 6
 1
 9
 4
 2
 5
 3
 1
 9
 2
 1
 3
 2
 1
 8
 9
 8
 2
 5
 1
 0
 2
 4
 2
 .
 1
 1
 0
 4
 6
 1
 1
 2
 5
 1
 .0
 8
 1
 7
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 3
 0
 2
 0
 .
 1
 4
 0
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 6
 2
 .
 0
 7
 5
 0
 .0
 6
 6
 0
 .1
 0
 6
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 2
 6
 8
 5
 0
 1
 4
 1
 1
 4
 1
 2
 2
 1
 7
 4
 6
 4
 4
 4
 9
 4
 2
 .
 2
 5
 3
 3
 3
 3
 3
 0
 .6
 2
 1
 5
 5
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 8
 0
 .3
 0
 .
 2
 5
 8
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 5
 4
 4
 .
 1
 9
 7
 0
 .1
 0
 5
 0
 .1
 1
 7
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 3
 1
 4
 8
 2
 2
 8
 1
 6
 7
 3
 2
 1
 1
 9
 2
 2
 2
 1
 7
 7
 4
 3
 .
 1
 8
 6
 6
 3
 0
 .7
 3
 7
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .
 6
 7
 5
 3
 0
 .
 0
 2
 0
 7
 2
 3
 .3
 8
 0
 0
 .
 7
 5
 7
 0
 .2
 5
 1
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 3
 3
 2
 6
 8
 0
 3
 2
 4
 3
 3
 2
 3
 1
 9
 2
 1
 2
 1
 0
 4
 4
 4
 .
 1
 1
 8
 2
 1
 8
 1
 0
 .9
 9
 7
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 5
 2
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 7
 9
 5
 .
 4
 9
 3
 0
 .1
 5
 8
 0
 .1
 1
 3
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 7
 1
 9
 4
 7
 3
 8
 1
 8
 9
 9
 2
 5
 1
 8
 4
 8
 2
 8
 1
 0
 5
 4
 5
 .
 1
 1
 2
 8
 1
 0
 0
 0
 .7
 8
 5
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 .5
 0
 .
 3
 5
 7
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 7
 5
 .
 4
 5
 9
 0
 .1
 8
 5
 0
 .1
 1
 0
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 9
 1
 9
 6
 9
 4
 6
 1
 8
 9
 4
 3
 0
 1
 8
 1
 3
 3
 2
 1
 0
 9
 4
 6
 .
 1
 2
 1
 9
 4
 5
 9
 2
 .0
 9
 1
 1
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 3
 4
 1
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 7
 3
 5
 .
 3
 6
 8
 0
 .1
 3
 9
 0
 .1
 1
 4
 0
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 4
 1
 8
 9
 5
 3
 5
 1
 8
 8
 0
 2
 2
 1
 8
 6
 3
 2
 2
 1
 0
 2
 4
 7
 .
 1
 9
 5
 6
 4
 0
 .6
 7
 7
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 1
 6
 0
 .2
 0
 .
 6
 5
 8
 5
 0
 .
 0
 1
 7
 2
 2
 2
 .8
 1
 5
 0
 .
 6
 4
 0
 0
 .2
 5
 1
 3
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 3
 2
 6
 1
 6
 7
 3
 2
 1
 9
 2
 8
 3
 1
 9
 3
 1
 2
 1
 0
 2
 4
 8
 .
 1
 9
 5
 6
 1
 0
 .6
 4
 8
 1
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 .
 6
 9
 1
 8
 0
 .
 0
 1
 8
 8
 2
 4
 .4
 5
 8
 0
 .
 7
 0
 6
 0
 .2
 5
 6
 4
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 8
 3
 3
 8
 9
 7
 2
 3
 2
 8
 7
 2
 9
 3
 2
 2
 5
 1
 1
 1
 0
 5
 4
 9
 .
 1
 2
 6
 5
 1
 2
 1
 0
 .4
 6
 1
 1
 2
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 0
 9
 0
 .1
 0
 .
 3
 9
 2
 6
 0
 .
 0
 0
 9
 3
 6
 .
 8
 0
 9
 0
 .1
 7
 6
 0
 .1
 2
 5
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 1
 3
 5
 4
 3
 2
 0
 8
 7
 2
 3
 2
 0
 4
 0
 1
 3
 1
 0
 5
 5
 0
 .
 1
 2
 7
 0
 3
 3
 5
 1
 .2
 4
 1
 1
 9
 0
 .
 0
 0
 0
 9
 1
 1
 .4
 0
 .
 3
 4
 8
 7
 0
 .
 0
 0
 6
 9
 5
 .
 4
 7
 1
 0
 .1
 4
 4
 0
 .1
 1
 3
 8
 0
 .
 0
 0
 1
 7
 1
 9
 2
 9
 3
 3
 1
 8
 9
 6
 2
 3
 1
 8
 6
 1
 2
 7
 1
 0
 4
 N
 o
 te
 s
  
:
 1
 .
  
 
U
 n
 c
 e
 rt
 a
 in
 ti
 e
 s
  
g
 iv
 e
 n
  a
 t 
th
 e
  o
 n
 e
  s
  
le
 v
 e
 l.
 2
 . 
 
f 2
 0
 6
  
%
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
th
 e
  p
 e
 rc
 e
 n
 ta
 g
 e
  o
 f 
2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
th
 a
 t 
is
  
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  
P
 b
 .
 3
 . 
 
C
 o
 rr
 e
 c
 tio
 n
  f
 o
 r 
c
 o
 m
 m
 o
 n
  P
 b
  
m
 a
 d
 e
  
u
 s
 in
 g
  t
 h
 e
  m
 e
 a
 s
 u
 re
 d
  2
 0
 4
 P
 b
 /2
 0
 6
 P
 b
  
ra
 tio
 .
 4
 . 
 
F
 o
 r 
%
  
C
 o
 n
 c
 .
 ,
  
1
 0
 0
 %
  
d
 e
 n
 o
 te
 s
  
a
  c
 o
 n
 c
 o
 rd
 a
 n
 t 
a
 n
 a
 ly
 s
 is
 .
37
 6. Provenance of zircons 
The youngest xenocrystic zircons in the Katangan tuff (1018?27 to 
1537?89Ma) span the age of the Kibaran granites (1375 to 1000 Ma; Tack et 
al., 1999), and indicates the presence of Kibaran magmatic rocks beneath 
the central part of the Lufilian Arc. The absence of Kibaran-aged zircons from 
the detrital population in the Muva quartzite (which is derived from a much 
wider area than that sampled by the tuff) indicates that the Muva quartzites 
were most probably deposited before 1537?89 Ma. The large population of 
Paleoproterozoic detrital and xenocrystic zircons, dated between 1791 and 
2105 Ma, overlaps the time period (2050 to 1800 Ma) of the Ubendian 
magmatic arc terrain that constitutes the Bangweulu Block and the exposed 
basement in the Zambian Copperbelt (Cahen et al., 1984; Rainaud et al., 
1999). A younger group of c. 1860 Ma xenocrystic zircons from the tuff is not 
represented in the detrital zircon population from the Muva quartzite. The 
2297 to 2114 Ma detrital zircons (which are also absent from the xenocrystic 
suite) are from an unknown source, since there are no dated rocks of this 
age in the immediate vicinity. They may be derived from the Magondi Belt of 
Zimbabwe, which has been dated at between 2160?100 and 2120?40 Ma 
(H?hndorf and Vetter, 1999; Master, 1991; Schidlowski and Todt, 1998). The 
earliest Proterozoic suite of detrital zircons, dated at between  2400 and  
2371 Ma, may have been derived from the Luiza metasediments in the Kasai 
region of the Congo, which have been dated at c. 2400 Ma (Cahen et al., 
1984), or from the c. 2400 Ma granulites of the Kasai-Lomami complex 
(Delhal et al., 1986). The largely Neoarchean suite of detrital zircons, dated 
between 2710 to 2460 Ma, appears to have been derived mainly from the 
Kasai Craton in Congo, NE Angola and NW Zambia, where granites and 
migmatites have been dated at 2560 to 2540 Ma (Key and Armstrong, 2000), 
and where 2870 Ma leucogranites were overprinted at 2600 to 2007 Ma 
(Delhal, 1991). Neoarchaean rocks do not appear to be abundant in beneath 
the Lufilian Arc, since only one xenocrystic zircon of this age (2624?9 Ma) 
was found in the Katangan tuff. The most enigmatic zircons from both the 
38
 detrital and xenocrystic suites are the >3000 Ma (Mesoarchean) grains which 
fall in two clusters at c. 3020 and 3200 Ma. In the whole of Central Africa, 
there are no rocks that have been dated at 3200 Ma, while only a few dates 
of c. 3000 Ma are known in widely separated regions such as Gabon (Cahen-
 Vachette et al., 1988), Zimbabwe (Cahen et al., 1984) and the northern 
Congo-Kasai Craton (Lavreau and Deblond, 2000).  
7. Cryptic mesoarchaean terrane  
 There are no exposed rocks in the immediate vicinity of the Muva 
quartzites (or their proximal source regions) which are between 3300 and 
3000 Ma in age. In eastern Zambia, Liyungu and Vinyu (1996) have obtained 
Pb model ages of 3047?130 Ma for zircons from the Chipata granite, and 
2985?14 Ma for zircons from the Lutembwe granulite. The oldest dated rocks 
of the Kasai sector of the Archean Congo-Kasai craton of D.R.C. and NE 
Angola are c. 2900 Ma (Delhal, 1991). The greenstone belts and granites of 
Gabon, which constitute the western part of the Congo-Kasai craton, have 
been dated at 3100-2900 Ma (Cahen-Vachette et al., 1988). The Zimbabwe 
Archean craton consists mainly of 2900 to 2600 Ma granite-greenstone 
terranes, with only the southernmost Tokwe terrane containing older rocks 
dated at between 3500 and 2950 Ma (Kusky, 1998). The Archean Tanzanian 
craton is dated at between 2930 and 2530 Ma (Pinna et al., 1999). The 
detrital zircon population in the Muva quartzite has just one older 3180 Ma 
Mesoarchean zircon, and several zircons ranging from 3031 to 3007 Ma. By 
contrast, the Katangan tuff contains abundant older Mesoarchean 
xenocrystic zircons dated between 3225 and 3169 Ma, and only one younger 
zircon dated at 3021 Ma.  
39
 Figure 4. Sketch map showing the proposed extent of the Mesoarchean Likasi terrane 
(heavy dashes) beneath the Central African Copperbelt, relative to some of the important 
tectono-stratigraphic units of the region; i.e. the Lufilian Arc (light dashes extending from 
Mwinilunga [Mw] through Likasi [Li] to Mufulira [Mu]), the Neoarchean Congo-Kasai Craton, 
the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran and Irumide orogenic belts, the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian belt 
and Bangweulu block [BB], and the Muva Supergroup (Mp). The cluster of diamondiferous 
kimberlite pipes on the Kundelungu plateau is shown as KP . 
The xenocrystic zircons originated from either the partially molten source 
region or the wallrocks in the path of ascent of the magmas that gave rise to 
the sampled Katangan tuffs. The lapilli tuffs at Shituru (which are interbedded 
with agglomerates) are the thickest and most proximal of all the tuffs in the 
Mwashya Group of the Katangan Sequence (Lefebvre, 1975). Therefore the 
xenocrystic zircons in these tuffs represent a sample of the crust beneath the 
central part of the Lufilian Arc, which is buried under the tectonically 
thickened Katangan Sequence. The abundance of c. 3200 Ma xenocrystic 
zircons in this tuff (32% of the total population) indicates that a part of the 
crust beneath the central Lufilian Arc is a c. 3200 Ma terrane that we propose 
to call the Likasi Terrane. The almost total absence of ages ranging from 
2700 to 2500 Ma in the xenocrystic zircon population (which are abundant in 
the detrital zircon population) implies a lack of Neoarchean crust in the Likasi 
Terrane. The bulk of the remaining crust is of Palaeoproterozoic (Ubendian) 
age, between 2100 and 1800 Ma. There is also evidence from these 
40
 xenocrystic zircons of Kibaran-aged crust (1300 to 1000 Ma) in this region. 
Because only a single c. 3200 Ma detrital zircon was found in the Muva 
quartzite, it appears that the 3200 Ma crust might have been poorly exposed 
at the surface, which was dominated by the c. 2000 Ma Ubendian crust. The 
3200 Ma crust may have been more abundant at mid- or deep crustal levels 
beneath the Lufilian Arc. The xenocrystic and detrital zircons from the 
Katangan tuffs and Muva quartzites provide the only direct evidence for the 
existence of this cryptic Mesoarchean crust beneath the Katangan 
Sequence. The occurrence of diamonds in the kimberlites of the Kundelungu 
Plateau to the north of the Lufilian Arc (Demaiffe et al., 1991) may be an 
indirect indication of the presence of an Archean crust beneath the Katangan 
of Central Africa. In addition to mantle xenoliths, the Kundelungu kimberlites 
also contain undated crustal gneiss and mica-schist xenoliths, some of which 
may be samples of the cryptic Likasi Terrane. In the northwestern corner of 
Zambia, near Mwinilunga, close to the borders with Angola and D.R.C., 
Neoarchean foliated granites dated at 2538?10 Ma contain xenocrystic 
inherited zircons which give a mixture of ages as old as 3154 Ma (Key and 
Armstrong, 2000). This indicates that the c. 3200 Ma Likasi Terrane may 
have extended towards the southwest from the Likasi area to the Mwinilungu 
area, over a distance of about 300 km (Figure 4). If the 3154 Ma xenocrystic 
zircons of Mwinilunga are derived from the Likasi Terrane, it implies that the 
latter was an integral part of the Kasai-Congo craton by the latest Archean. It 
is further suggested that the Likasi Terrane was accreted onto the Kasai-
 Congo craton before 2538 Ma, and that this collisional event may have been 
responsible for some of the granulite-facies metamorphism in the 
southeastern Kasai-Congo craton.
41
 8. References 
Armstrong, R. A., Robb, L. J., Master, S., Kruger, F. J. and Mumba, P. A. C. 
C., 1999, New U-Pb age constraints on the Katangan Sequence, Central 
African Copperbelt: Journal of  African  Earth Sciences, v. 28(4A), p. 6-7. 
Caen-Vachette, M., Vialette, Y., Bassot, J. -P. and Vidal, P., 1988, Apport de 
la g?ochronologie isotopique ? la connaissance de la g?ologie 
gabonaise: Chronique de la recherche mini?re, v. 491, p. 35-54. 
Cahen, L., Snelling., N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M. and Ledent, 
D., 1984, The Geochronology and Evolution of Africa: Oxford, 512 p. 
Clau?-Long, J. C., Compston, W., Roberts, J. and Fanning, C. M., 1995, Two 
carboniferous ages: a comparison of SHRIMP zircon dating with 
conventional zircon ages and 40Ar/39Ar analysis: Geochronology Time 
Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 
No 54, p. 1-21. 
Delhal, J., Deutsch, S. and Denoiseux, B., 1986, A Sm-Nd isotopic study of 
heterogeneous granulites from the Archean Kasai-Lomami gabbro-norite 
and charnockite complex (Zaire, Africa): Chemical Geology, v. 57, p. 
235-245. 
Delhal, J., 1991, Situation g?ochronologique 1990 du Pr?cambrien du Sud-
 Kasai et de l'Ouest-Shaba.: Tervuren, Mus?e royal d'Afrique centrale, 
Annual report 1990, p 119-125. 
Demaiffe, D., Fieremans, M. and Fieremans, C., 1991, The kimberlites of 
Central Africa: a review, in Kampunzu, A. B. and Lubala, R.T., eds., 
Magmatism in Extensional Structural Settings: The Phanerozoic African 
Plate: Berlin, Springer, p. 537-559.  
42
 Fran?ois, A., 1974, Stratigraphie, tectonique et min?ralisations dans l'Arc 
cuprif?re du Shaba (R?publique du Za?re), in Bartholom?, P., ed., 
Gisements stratiformes et provinces cuprif?res: Soci?t? G?ologique de 
Belgique, p. 79-101. 
H?hndorf, A. and Vetter, U., 1999, The Sanyati Ore Deposits in Zimbabwe: 
Pb- isotopic investigation of sulfide and oxide ores: Zeitschrift f?r 
angewande Geologie, v. 45 (1), p. 11-13. 
Key, R. M. and Armstrong, R. A., 2000, Geology and geochronology of pre-
 Katangan igneous and meta-igneous rocks north of the Lufilian Arc in 
northwest Zambia: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 36-37. 
Kusky, T. M., 1998, Tectonic setting and terrane accretion of the Archean 
Zimbabwe craton: Geology, v. 26, p. 163-166. 
Lavreau, J. and Deblond, A., 2000, Geological and chronological setting of 
the greenstone belts of the northern Congo Craton: Journal of African 
Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 53. 
Lefebvre, J. J., 1975, Les roches ign?es dans le Katangien du Shaba (Za?re). 
Le district du cuivre: Annales de la Soci?t? G?ologique de Belgique, v. 
98, p. 47-73. 
Liyungu, A .K. and Vinyu, M. L., 1996, Constraints on the timing of the high 
grade Lutembe quartz-feldspathic granulite, charnockitic enderbite and 
the relationship to the Chipata granite in the Mozambique Belt, in
 Kamona, A. F., Tembo, F., Mapani, B. S. E. eds., Abstracts Volume, First 
International Field Conference of IGCP 363 Palaeoproterozoic of Sub-
 Equatorial Africa, 14-30 September, 1996, Zambia-Zimbabwe. Lusaka, 
Geol. Soc. Zambia, p. 19. 
43
 Ludwig, K. R., 2000. Users Manual for Isoplot/Ex version 2.3, a 
geochronological toolkit for Microsof Excel. Berkeley Geochronology 
Center, Special publication No. 1a. 
Master, S., 1991, Stratigraphy, tectonic setting, and mineralization of the 
early Proterozoic Magondi Supergroup, Zimbabwe: a review: Economic 
Geology Research Unit Information Circular, Department of Geology, 
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, No. 238, 75 pp. 
Pinna, P., Cocherie, A., Thieblemont, D., Jezequell, P.and Kayagoma, E., 
1999, The Archean evolution of the Tanzanian craton (2.93-2.53 Ga): 
Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 62-63. 
Rainaud, C., Armstrong, R. A., Master, S. and Robb, L. J., 1999, A fertile 
Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc beneath the Central African Copperbelt, 
Mineral deposits: processes to processing: London, in: Stanley, C.J. et 
al. eds. Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing, Volume 2: A. A. 
Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 1427-1430. 
Schidlowski, M.and Todt, W., 1998, The Proterozoic Lomagundi carbonate 
province as a paragon of a 13C- enriched carbonate facies: Geology, 
radiometric age and geochemical significance: Chinese Science Bulletin, 
v. 43 (supplement), p. 114. 
Tack, L. F. -A., M., Wingate, M. and Deblond, A., 1999, Critical assessment 
of recent unpublished data supporting a single and united geodynamic 
evolution of the Sao Francisco-Congo-Tanzania cratonic blocks in the 
Rodinia configuration: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 75-76.